The Vietnam War Essay

The Vietnam War Essay The Vietnam War Essay 1. The French were engaged with a war of Indochina before the American association. Follow the reasons for this contention and depict the key occasions and general course of the French Indochina War. Customarily, the First Indochina war began in the French Indochina in 1946 and finished in 1954. The war was a battling or strife between powers from France and their Viet Minh adversaries. Various elements were engaged with the contention including the French Far East Expeditionary Corps from the French Union drove by France. The Vietnamese national armed force upheld the French against the Viet Minh whose pioneers were Vo Nguyen Giap and Ho Chi Minh. The huge piece of this contention happened in the northern area of Vietnam called Tonkin, despite the fact that the battling immersed the remainder of the country, spreading to the protectorates of the French Indochina in Cambodia and Laos (Young, 1991). After the French reoccupation in Indochina after the Second World War, the district being in charge of the Japanese, the Viet Minh began a dissent or defiance to the French position that was in charge of various French provinces in Indochina. The couple of starting long periods of the contention included rustic uprising that was progressively serene against the French. All things considered, after the socialists from China showed up in the Vietnamese northern outskirt in 1949, the battling went ahead and turned into a customary war between two powers that were furnished with present day weapons (Jian, 1993). The powers of the French Union incorporated a few powers from the remainder of the previous realm including Tunisia, Algeria, Laotian, Moroccan, Vietnamese, and Cambodian ethnic minorities. While the arrangement of pushing the soldiers of Viet Minh into propelling a war on the incredibly shielded base was approved, the absence of materials for development, air spread, and tanks forestalled a powerful protection, prompting an unequivocal destruction of the French powers. The Geneva gathering settled on a temporary choice to isolate Vietnam into two districts, the north, and south. The northern locale was the Vietnam equitable republic under Ho Chi Minh, and the south was the Vietnam state under Bao Dai (Jian, 1993). 2. Clarify how the American inclusion in Vietnam was an outcome of the Cold War, including how the Truman Doctrine was identified with starting U.S. association in Vietnam. Anticommunist conclusions in the United States were the fundamental elements explaining on the interest of the U.S. in Vietnam. To begin with, America accepted that obvious animosity from the socialists in Asia represented a huge and direct danger to its inclinations in the landmass. Plainly Indochina was the fundamental area in Asia tested by the nearness and animosity of the socialists. Thus, the choice of 1950 to give direct assistance to the district was a vital approach decision permitting and tolerating the obligation of the United States in forestalling the authority of socialists in the Asia. This heading of the approach was therefore focused on in the next years, first by the Korean War and afterward by the accelerations among Kennedy and Johnson during the 1960s (Gettleman et al., 1995). It was additionally applied and used to both the expansible forces of the socialists. Concerning China, the United States was straightforwardly stressed over its contribution in districts as Korea since it expected that such an assault would decide the association of the Chinese in Indochina. Besides, when it went to the Soviet Union, the United States dreaded the Russians were enthusiastic about achieving control over the world. Every one of these apprehensions are what prompted the essential approach paper NSC 68 that asked for an adequate military security or shield to check the development and development of the Soviet Union and stop the forceful activities that where coordinated by the Soviet Union. Thus, the paper strategy was vital as it spoke to the pragmatic augmentation of the Doctrines by Truman (Gettleman, et al., 1995). Other than the significance of outside political viewpoints as basic determinants of the association of America in Vietnam, the elements like its household circumstance were additionally critical. To begin with, the McCarthyism wave had moved through the country during the 1950s. This pattern relied upon the contention that the U.S. had endured various disappointments during the Cold War, not as a result of confinements of intensity, yet through the critical nearness of socialist voices in its administration, an allegation equivalent to injustice. Along these lines, the organization needed to take activities to protect itself from claims of being too feeble to even consider fighting socialism. Besides, the Truman organization encountered a great deal of strain to concoct arrangements that would demonstrate its purpose of anticommunism. Such strategies included control that would support a steady position in Indochina to stop the extension of Communism (McCormick, 1989). 3. Portray the ascent of Diema to control, his direct as a pioneer of South Vietnam, and his end. The primary South Vietnamese president or pioneer was called Diem. After the wake of annihilation and withdrawal of the French from Indochina due to the accords of a Geneva meeting in 1954, the pioneer drove a critical exertion to construct the Vietnam republic. The pioneer accomplished triumph during the 1955 plebiscite that was progressively misleading in the wake of collecting impressive help from the United States as a result of his solid enemy of socialism belief systems. He was a Roman catholic, and along these lines, he sought after strategies that were strictly abusive and one-sided against the Montgnard locals and its dominant part segments of Buddhists. Be that as it may, his arrangements were generally tested and met with fights. In the midst of the various strict fights and differences that grabbed the eye of the entire world, the pioneer lost the help of the American supporters (Jacobs, 2006). He was killed along with his sibling. Their executioner was an assistant of Duong van Minh a general of the ARVN called Nguyenn Van Nhung. He was executed during an upset in 1963 that dismissed his organization. As the emergency with the Buddhists expanded in 1963, Vietnamese patriots who were non-socialist and the military began to prepare for an upset. Minh and his supporters ousted Diem’s government in a snappy upset. With just the royal residence monitor remaining to ensure the pioneer and his sibling, the coordinators of the overthrow called to the royal residence requesting that the pioneer give up in return for oust. Be that as it may, Diem and some of his nearby partners got away to Cholon where they were caught. The two siblings were executed in the rear of an individual bearer by the chief with orders from their pioneer, Minh (Jacobs, 2006). 4. Was Ho Chi Minh to a greater extent a patriot that a socialist? Clarify your reaction by refering to recorded proof that underpins your case. Numerous individuals in the U.S. firmly accept that Ho Chi Minh was a steadfast socialist. General society was overwhelmed with stories of the leader’s visit to China and Russia. There were accounts of how the socialist help for him was utilized to dominate and build up a fortress of the socialists in the southeastern piece of Asia. Be that as it may, numerous people neglect to hear the remainder of the data (Chafe, 1986). Under his administration, Vietnam had a type of help and a union with the U.S. during the Second World War the Japanese, was their shared adversary and gave them a shared conviction where the socialists offered help to the excusal of another outside intruder. After the war finished, the pioneer set up structures in the legislature in the nation expecting that the nation would return to being a sovereign state (Demma, 1989). The pioneer himself made a few suggestions to America and different countries for help as he looked for autonomy for his nation. Indeed, even the statement of Vietnam of freedom indicated the patriot perspectives on Minh. He understood that America was not going to give him backing to freedom, so as a practical person, he went to China and Russia for help. As it follows, he strolled a meager line between being a socialist and patriot, and played the three nations without relinquishing his freedom. Many accept that his capacity was a critical sign of his discretion. On the opposite side of this condition, the pioneer was an intensive and genuine socialist. He inhaled and lived philosophies of socialists and was merciless when it came to accomplishing them. Many imagine that he was an inconsistency of his philosophies. He was known as an extreme patriot and a great socialist pioneer (Demma, 1989). 5. In what ways was Johnson’s heightening of the American inclusion in Vietnam a continuation of Kennedy’s strategies? In what ways, assuming any, were Johnson’s choices identified with Vietnam a takeoff from Kennedy’s strategies? Johnson’s heightening of the contribution of the U.S. in Vietnam was not a continuation of the arrangements of Kennedy. As Johnson assumed control over the administration after Kennedy passed on, from the start he didn't look at Vietnam as a need and underscored on the making of his Great Society and social projects that would result to social movement. Be that as it may, his needs before long changed when he announced war against socialism in 1963. This presentation came when Vietnam was disintegrating especially after the upset that prompted the demise of Diem. Johnson switched the separation strategy by Kennedy from the locale by pulling back a thousand soldiers with his NSAM to emphasize the war. Johnson saw the Vietnam War as an approach to assuage his own coalitional corporate base of intensity and to utilize the energy tide to misrepresent an accord in the household field to clear a path for his own strategies (Schandler, 1977). At the point when it went to the military objectives, Johnson needed to stop the spread of socialism thoughts from China, and that along with the war’s progressive acceleration could be won without the endorsement of the universal powers. He relied upon

Research design in psychology week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research plan in brain research week 4 - Essay Example To limit my region of enthusiasm into a particular part of criminology I have picked the subject of adolescent wrongdoing and misconduct which investigations the demonstrations submitted illegal by underage people. Subjective research envelops the investigation of an idea or wonders that should be comprehended in light of the fact that little research has been done on it (Creswell, 2009). Speculations help this examination essentially on the grounds that they empower an analyst to shape an invalid theory, which is either demonstrated or refuted by the exploration did. Take a gander at the case of the examination conduced by Brian A. Jacob and Lars Lefgren (2003) that assembled through surveys and meetings information from different schools and 29 locales the nation over to reason that the degree of property related misconduct carried out by adolescents diminishes by 14 percent on days when school was in meeting, yet the degree of vicious wrongdoing increments by 28 percent on days wh en it isn't. Expanding on this investigation I would break down the idea of wrongdoing dependent on the general hypothesis of wrongdoing that spins on singular discretion. As indicated by Akers and Sellers, 2004, the restraint hypothesis denotes the contrast between a people (paying little heed to age) propensity to either carry out a wrongdoing or avoid it. In this way the association between ‘criminality’, which is to annoy, and ‘crime,’ that alludes to real law being broken, is that of accessible chances (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990). Since low restraint grows right off the bat in an individual’s life and results in an expanded chance of wrongdoing to put together this hypothesis with respect to an exploration that through direct perception and the utilization of polls targets tests of school going kids will be a reasonable endeavor. This is on the grounds that its application will prompt discoveries that can help create rehearses which will hel p develop discretion and thus maintain a strategic distance from the chance of them partaking in future crimes. Thus for a quantitative research on criminology the point is to put together the examination with respect to strategies, for example, inductive measurements, proof based correlations, proportions, socioeconomics, meta-investigation, PC based models and so forth (Gail Cohen). In quantitative research, Creswell bring up (2009, p. 49) scientists regularly test hypotheses as a clarification for answers to their inquiries . For instance Craig S. Schwalb (2007) directed a quantitative longitudinal meta investigation making a decision about the likelihood of rehashed offenses by adolescent wrongdoers and found that there was a positive relationship between's people who enjoyed substance misuse, family issues and friend misconduct. Connection is a famous procedure in brain research, including character (Dr. C. George Boeree). The character hypotheses think about science (nervous s ystem science), advancement and hereditary qualities, sensation and discernment, inspiration and feeling, learning and memory, formative brain research and so forth. Remembering this hypothesis the part of the likelihood of rehash offenses can be encouraged by creating character tests to gauge the character attributes of adolescent hoodlums. For instance by the utilization of state an IQ test we can quantify the normal knowledge of adolescent delinquents and recognize key character qualities and afterward connect these with recurrence or power of crimes. This will prompt a degree of objectivity in our exploration as we would know precisely what character

Teenage Essay Topics Are Important to Developing Your Writing Skills

Teenage Essay Topics Are Important to Developing Your Writing SkillsWriting teenage essay topics is a skill that can be learned, and an important one. It's a great way to develop your writing skills and to help you take your writing to the next level. While there are a number of different essay topics out there, and you can even have fun creating an essay on one of them, writing a teen essay is going to require a little more effort than what you may be used to.For example, if you've been doing research, researching a subject, or reading about an interesting topic for years, you're not going to have as much trouble coming up with a good essay. This is because you already know the information you're looking for. However, if you've never done this before, you're going to want to take a look at your past work to see if there's anything you can do to improve it.Another thing to keep in mind when you're looking at teen essay topics is the difficulty level of the topic. If the topic is goin g to be easy to understand, it can be easier to write about. However, if the topic will be hard to understand, it will be more difficult to write about, and a more professional grade will be required.There are many different kinds of essays. Each of these types have their own rules and details. In order to write a well-rounded essay, you need to take into consideration the different aspects of a topic, and put all of those points together to make the best essay you can.For example, the different types of essays can be broken down into four different categories. These are informational, non-informational, exploratory, and rhetorical. Each of these categories is often grouped according to length, but also according to what the essay is attempting to do.Informational essays are generally very short. You need to be able to talk about the information you've gathered about the topic, and then bring in your knowledge about the topic to give the essay its overall structure. Non-informationa l essays tend to have a little bit more to say than informative essays. They provide a little bit of depth to the topic and sometimes contain useful information, but are short and very general in nature.Exploratory essays are going to provide more information to the reader than informative essays. This information will come from exploring the topic, so that the essay has the ability to have a specific message to the reader, while giving them a general overview of the topic. Rhetorical essays are the longest of all. The focus is going to be on a topic, and with a thesis statement to provide the main point of the essay.As you can see, essay topics can be more than just a topic for a class assignment. It can serve as a vehicle for you to show off your skills as a writer, and a way to help develop your writing skills.

Magical Beasts By Harry Potter - 1487 Words

Miner 6 Julie Miner Ms. Vyse English II 12 April 2016 Magical Beasts Throughout the series of Harry Potter, many creatures appear in the books and put into greater detail in the movies. Were these famous magical creatures made up or compared to something similar in mythology and folklore? There are many famous creatures throughout the story that add curiosity to one?s mind when first reading about one. The feeling one may get is to be able to see what this creature is capable of doing in comparison to others. In each book and movie, there is usually a creature that Harry, Ron, and Hermione have to overcome, such as the Basilisk in the second movie. The creatures from Harry Potter that are portrayed in folklore are similar in many ways, yet different in others. Some creatures were actually made up, but the most known ones, such as Fluffy and Fawkes, are actually compared to other similar creatures. Most of these magical creatures or sometimes referred to as ?beasts?, come from Greek and Roman mythology as well as European mythology. The characteristics from some of the folklore creature were kept the same while others were completely changed. One of the most popular Harry Potter creatures is Fluffy, the three headed dog. The creation of Fluffy was influenced by a creature in Greek mythology known as Cerberus. Cerberus was a three-headed beast who guarded the underworld for Hades while Fluffy was a three-headed dog that guarded a trap door that led to the philosopher?sShow MoreRelatedHarry Potter And The Sorcerer s Stone969 Words   |  4 Pagesepic poem, Beowulf, and the novel, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer s Stone. In each story, both leading characters are born destined to defeat the most evil creature in their world. Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in the world. â€Å"Beowulf† was written in 1000 AD, in Old English form. In this poem the main character, Beowulf, challenges an evil monster, Grendel and a dragon, to a battle to save Denmark. 1,300 years later, in 1997, the novel Harry Potter an d the Sorcerer s Stone was publishedRead MoreThe Brightest Of Her Age1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Brightest of Her Age: How Author JK Rowling Triumphed Over Poverty, Depression, and Became one of the Most Successful Authors in History Before Harry Potter was a best-selling novel, with a multimillion dollar business, a theme park, and several movies to its name, The Boy Who Lived was no more than an a couple of sentences, scribbled between the pages of a notebook. Long before her rise to fame, J.K. Rowling, author of history’s best-selling fantasy series, spent several years in as a singleRead MoreJ.K: Rowling and Her Harry Potter Empire787 Words   |  3 Pagesparents wish that she study something more useful than English (Pettinger). She then studied a year in paris, graduated, then moved to London. How her books reflect her life: Although the series Harry potter is about a Magical place Rowling puts many aspects of her own life in the Harry Potter series. One of the main characters in the series Hermione Granger is a strong female character who thrives on being right and who is extremely smart. J.K. Rowling did not intend to base Hermione on herRead MoreFantastic Beasts And Where Find Them Trailer1999 Words   |  8 PagesFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Trailer The Harry Potter film series is one of the highest grossing movie franchises of all time. It created a rich universe that is beloved by millions, and a few years ago, the author of Harry Potter announced that there will be a new series of films set several decades prior to the events of Harry Potter. The new film, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, had a lot of expectations to uphold. 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The story begins with a young boy named Harry Potter who lives at number four Privit Drive, Surray, England. His journey begins after the death of his parents at the hands of the evil Lord Voldemort. Harry learns of his past and his future as a wizard from Hagrid, the keeper of keys and grounds at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He travels to Ho gwarts where he learns spells and enchantments, makesRead More Reading and Censorship of the Harry Potter Novels Essay5573 Words   |  23 PagesCensorship of the Harry Potter Novels J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, which have reached worldwide popularity have an effect on children has not been matched by any other book. The novels have encouraged children to read for entertainment instead of turning to television or video games. When a piece of literature inspires children as the Harry Potter novels do, limiting a child’s access to the novels seems ridiculous. Unfortunately, this is what is happening with Harry Potter. The books areRead MoreThe Horror Of Harry Potter1851 Words   |  8 Pagesin the wizarding world, but to a boy with a lightning scar on his forehead, the wizarding world is his real home. You hear a student scream that the Gryffindor house has won the game because of the boy.The boy with the scar. The boy who lived. Harry Potter. Who could have made this thrilling fantasy land? I’ll give you a hint. It’s someone with grew up living a happy childhood, had a spark of inspiration, created a website based on this serie s, and still has things going on in her current life. If

Essay about An Historical Event That Changed America

On April 19, 1775, Americans will never forget when many deaths and historical events occurred allowing the colonist to receive their victoriorous justice. Colonists were frustrated because Britain forced them not to have any representation in the British Parliament. This led to an American battle which had 4,435 deaths involving this event. Although, we lost many lives during this time period, we gained justice and independence from Great Britain, with the help of one of Americas strongests allie; the French. In fact, without assistance, the Americans were no match for Britains; showing the hatred towards the British from the French and Americans, thus, making it easy for them to form an alliance. In 1778, representatives of both America†¦show more content†¦The Americans begged the British by addressing to the king to Give [them] liberty or give [them] death (Daniel 167), which was used to protest in the speech of the Revolutionary warfare. This declares that the people wi ll fight for their rights, justice and freedom from Great Britain. This means sacrificing their lives for the upcoming generations to receive their victorious rights. Although, the colonists protested and spoke with the rulers of Great Britian, the people were still unheard. Furthermore, Great Britain had commanded new payment methods which created a ruckus with the Americans causeing great anger. Rebellion and discontent were rampant. The colonies started rebelling against ‘Mother England’ because of taxes issued to the colonies, in as much, England’s power did not allow them to have representation. The Revenue Act of 1764 made the Constitutional issue of whether or not the king had the right to tax the people who are living in his kingdom or the thirteen colonies. Eventually, this became an entering wedge in the great dispute that was finally to wrest the American colonies from England (Carey 48). It was the phrase taxation without representation (Montgomery 13 8) that was to draw many to the cause of the American patriots against the mother country. That has royal authority to be able to term public opinions into a revolutionary battle.Show MoreRelatedThe Expansion Of The United States1200 Words   |  5 PagesStates is one filled with complicated, complex, and irrational decisions. Geographically, North America changed dramatically by having the landmass grow, through discovery, by at least doubling what it was before. The European discovery of North America, the Mississippian shatter zone, Louisiana Purchase, and the Mexican-American war are all historical events that changed the path and future of America dramatically, through the making of controversial decisions. The expansion started with humansRead MoreInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematics which had many positive effects on the lives of everyday people. With these advancements in science, the differences between people, due to class and gender, started to become less important. There were many important events during the Scientific Revolution that changed the course of humanity. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus presented his idea of the universe, the heliocentric model with the sun at the center. He argued that the planets revolved around the sun, and our moon revolved aroundRead MoreThe Effect of Cultural and Historical Situations on American Literature 1173 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Brattoli †American literature is almost always tied to historical and social events of the era in which it was written.† There is a connection between literary works from different time periods. This connection is how history, current events and social events have impacted American Literature. Literary works and writing styles have been affected and influence by the world around us. This is seen in many of the works assigned forRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event1225 Words   |  5 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Eugene Whitehead HCS/531 February 18, 2013 Ann Gantzer Science and technology have always been joined at the hip. The evolution of health care services in the United States (U. S.) undoubtedly has been shaped at least in part by advancements in scientific research and knowledge, and technological innovation (Shi amp; Singh, 2012). The following exploration focuses on ways a specific scientific or technological event or innovation affected health care provisionRead MoreThe Effects Of Hate Crimes Against Muslims978 Words   |  4 Pages more than 3,000 people died during the terrorist attacks. The event changed the lives of not just the people whose loved ones died on that day, but also of those who belonged to the Islamic world. The experience of Muslims who lived in America in 2001 and those who were yet to come here would never be the same again. After 9/11, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States increased and their everyday lives changed forever due to the rise of islamophobia and the vicious influenceRead More The Impact of the Media on the Vietnam War Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pageswhich allowed the people of America to know about, first hand, the atrocities of war, whereas other people argue that the media alone, focusing on television, couldn’t have possibly, on its own, have turned a nation against a war. The debate of why America lost is still hotly debated today not only because it is still in the minds of the living but because of the legacy it left that continues today. The guilty media thesis is one that blames the media as to why America lost the war; it was mainlyRead MoreHistorical Events and Influence on Current Life1362 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Historical events and influence on current life In one way or another all of us have experienced some events which have had an impact on our lives either positively or otherwise. Iessence this has resulted from the way we view things in different perspectives. These events are influenced by certain underlying factors which include among them, social historical and geographical location of an individual, geopolitacal events for example war, can shape peoples perception and change their mode ofRead MoreA Short Note On The Edict Of Milan873 Words   |  4 Pages After the fascinating discoveries from Marco Polo, another event that was significant throughout Western Civilization is the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan was a declaration that permanently established religious tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empire. The outcome of the political agreement concluded, of course, in Milan, between emperors of Constantine I and Licinius, in February 313. The declaration, was made for the East by Licinius, granting all people the freedom of any religionRead MoreThe Events Of The War On Terror1024 Words   |  5 Pages9/11 was a major focal point on the war on terror. It changed America in many ways. There are two main view point’s that will be gone over in this research paper. The first and the most vital will be cultural historical viewpoint because it change Americas culture and how the viewed the world in a major way. The next but less prominent is top-down because in this research paper I will be talking about how the people in charge reacted to the events that unfolded in 911 how their decisions shaped theRead MoreDavid Sehat s The Jefferson Rule Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesFounder’s points of view. More particularly, Sehat focused on the title of the book, The Jefferson Rule, to guide him on his journey through historical reflection. As he dug deeper into more and more historical events throughout the book, he made a point to tie each affair back to his key point – the Jef ferson Rule. He did an excellent job of explaining each historical scenario mentioned in his book and how they each demonstrated the Rule. Perhaps the most fundamental basis for Sehat’s book is this idea

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1428 Words

Everyone grows up hearing elders saying how â€Å"back in their day†, things were done differently. Although it often makes people roll their eyes when they hear that saying, it tends to be true. Each generation has its own pros and cons, and each time period is unlike the previous one. This is especially true for the 1930s, where discrimination was at its peak since the Civil War, and the majority of the United States was in extreme poverty. This sets the scene for the book, To Kill A Mockingbird, where the young narrator, Scout, tells the events that happen in the small town of Maycomb. The plot of the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, has a more profound effect since it is set in the 1930s. The racial standards and discrimination that happened in the 1930s is what the majority of the storyline focuses on. Due to the Great Depression, white men disputed with blacks, since they had the jobs that whites could not get (â€Å"Great Depression†). Cecil Jacobs, a boy at Scout’s school, uses the fact that Atticus is defending Tom Robinson as an insult (Lee 74). Although racism has been up and down throughout the years, the 1930s were one of the worst because instead of having an improvement of race relations as the years go on, it became worse due to the current events. When Atticus is insulted for associating himself with a black man, it shows how blacks, as well as anyone affiliated with them, were disrespected and treated unfairly. Throughout the south, discrimination reachedShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Techni cal Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKi ll A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

Marine Mammals free essay sample

Whale Sea World gives you the opportunity to feed and swim with dolphins, watch jaw-dropping whale and seal shows, pet stingrays, see all types of sharks, exotic fish, and so much more! But my views have recently changed after I saw the tragic death of a Sea World trainer on the news; the cause of death being one of the parks very own orca whales. This horrific news brought me to research why the whale turned on its trainer and the information I found made me change my outlook on animal captivity completely. In the ethical debate over marine mammals in captivity there are many conflicting views. The public theme park industries advocate that marine mammal exhibits provide an important role in educating, entertaining, and conservation; they see nothing wrong with captivity. An increasing number of scientists counter this view and believe that animals should flourish naturally and are too intelligent to be held captive. Animal protection groups also have taken notice that these mammals in captivity develop severe health issues and should be in the wild. There are other organizations that believe in absolute welfare of these animals, whether it is best suited in confinement or in the wild. Lastly there are associations that agree with captivity for some cases, just not when animals are exploited. Above all I agree that the more knowledge we have about marine mammals, the more mankind can do to help find the most beneficial option for specific marine animals. When thinking about aquatic parks one in particular comes to mind for most people, Sea World. According to its website, â€Å"SeaWorld has a world-wide reputation for providing unique, up-close animal encounters designed to bring more than 20 million guests each year closer to wildlife and the world we share† (â€Å"Sea World†). Parks like this also affirm that one of their main goals is to educate people through seeing live animals in person such as dolphins, whales, seals, and penguins. Marine parks around the world, including Sea World, also claim that they serve as a rescue and a preservation center for stranded, sick, orphaned or injured animals. This is in fact true; many animal lives have been saved due to the help of aquatic parks (SeaworldParks. com). But some still question if it’s justifiable to keep animals in captivity if they are capable to live naturally in the wild after being rehabilitated. It’s evident that SeaWorld and other captivity parks have not only contributed tremendously with saving countless marine mammals lives, but have also entertained and educated thousands of people on marine life. Yet with all of this in mind it’s hard for me to fully agree that captivity is always the best option for these animals’ welfare. It’s tough to deny that the entertainment and profit aspect from the â€Å"yearly 20 million guests† may be intervening with the wellbeing of the animals, which should always be the main focus. On the other side of the spectrum when dealing with the issue of marine mammals in captivity, are animal rights activists. â€Å"There are better and more humane ways of providing entertainment and education to the public without sacrificing the welfare of animals† states Grace Ge Gabriel, the head force behind the Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). The IFAW is a well-known organization that advocates saving animal populations from cruelty and depletion. An example of their support is their campaign to end commercial whaling and seal hunts. She and many others speak out against marine mammals held in captivity (Gabriel). These activists express that the lives of captive marine mammals are impoverished, people do not receive an accurate picture of a species from imprisoned environments, and the traffic in live marine mammals causes harmful impacts on populations and the animals’ health. A prime example is the abuse whales endure when their family and pod members are separated from each other to be put into captivity. Once removed from their natural environment, the whales are then transported to small enclosures that lack not only their families and social groups but which also are only a fraction of the size of their natural home range (â€Å"PETA†). If life for captive orcas and dolphins were as peaceful as marine parks would have us believe, the animals would live longer than their wild counterparts. While captive marine mammals are not subject to predators or ocean pollution, their captivity is nevertheless a death sentence. These caged mammals develop severe health issues from being confined to small tanks where they are forced to perform unnecessary tricks for entertainment. According to PETA’s website, â€Å"Wild orcas can also live for decades—some have been documented to be more than 90 years old—but those at Sea World and other marine parks rarely survive for more than 10 years† (peta. org). Animals imprisoned die prematurely from stress and other captivity-related causes; which is seen as the main cause for the deaths of animal trainers at aquatic parks, like the attack mentioned before from Sea World. The question of whether marine mammals should be held captive is even weighed in by scientists. There have been countless experiments and portrayals of cetaceans, or aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphins, displaying intelligent behavior. Experts in philosophy, conservation, and animal behavior recognize that dolphins and whales are adequately intelligent to justify the same ethical considerations as humans. According to the BBC News World website, â€Å"The move was made at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Vancouver, Canada, the worlds biggest science conference. It is based on years of research that has shown dolphins and whales have large, complex brains and a human-like level of self-awareness† (http://www. bbc. co. uk). This has led the experts to conclude that by recognizing these animals’ rights would serve as a catalyst to ending whaling and captivity of these self-aware creatures. Unlike the views of animal display industries who endorse captivity, or animal rights activists and scientists whom advocate against it, there are some associations that seem more neutral towards animal confinement. These organizations act as a middle ground, where their pure intent is to promote animal wellbeing; whether that may be in captivity or in their natural environment. These groups look at specific cases of different marine mammal species individually and decide where that animal is more likely to thrive. The Seal Conservation Society (SCS) is a terrific illustration of a society who is neutral to the thought of captivity; their main focus being on conservation and welfare. They view both sides of captivity on their website. At first questioning captivity they inquire, â€Å"Do the benefits to humans from the animal display industry justify the animals’ confinement and stress associated with the unnatural environment? The question remains for all marine mammals whether captivity is justified for entertainment, educational or conservation purposes. † Then countering those thoughts according to the website,. â€Å"A further justification for captive pinnipeds to be considered is the research value of captive studies where the research clearly increases  our understanding and appreciation of pinniped species, this benefit must be considered in the context of the welfare and well-being of the animals involved. Our society would tend to support those facilities where the animals’ long-term and welfare is a priority† (pinnipeds. org). These impartial organizations appear exceptionally more helpful than the other radical view points; instead of supporting what they believe in they can focus more on the specific animal and not their cause. In correspondence to the previous organizations mentioned, there are similar associations that promote animal well-being but also support captivity if it’s necessary. These groups are marine mammal rescue centers that endorse captivity along with non-performance opportunities. The Marine Mammal Center is an organization that believes animals shouldn’t be abused in captivity by being forced to perform unnatural tricks, but believe captivity should be allowed if the animal cannot survive on its own in the wild (â€Å"Marine Mammal Center†). These institutions don’t see captivity as the enemy, but rather view aquatic theme parks and entertainment business that confine animals for the wrong reasons to be immoral. Their website won me over when it stated, â€Å"What we do is more than kind-hearted consideration for the well-being of other living creatures. We recognize the fundamental relationship that binds humans, animals, and the ocean† (â€Å"Marine Mammal Center†). The question if marine mammals should be kept in captivity is tough to answer. Personally, I believe that in our present society there are more urgent matters than amusing audiences by exploiting such intelligent and defenseless animals. We have an ethical and imperative responsibility to think about species that may be negatively impacted by our actions. This includes a lot of species, and cetaceans are no exception. These marine mammals should remain where they evolved and thrived and we should make sure that their rights are protected so that they can go on living there.

Essay, Comparing And Contrasting Different Techniques To Convey The Th

Essay, Comparing And Contrasting Different Techniques To Convey The Thesis, Used In: Women rights, still a controversial issue in todays equal partnership world, are the thesis of both essays. Both essay state a women role in the society, ?My Mother Never Worked? also states if a women's work is recognized or not. Donna Smith-Yakel, who wrote, ?My mother never worked?, describes her mother's as strong woman, housewife, mother and then a grandmother. ?I want a wife? written Judy Brady, also describes women's role towards the household compared to man, and the opportunities they are presented with in life. In ?My Mother Never worked?, a daughter remembering her mother's past, files for her mother's death benefit check. Yakel is asked for details of her mother, which she proudly states was a housewife. Yakel writes this essay in slouched but indignant tone, because her mother's work, as a housewife, is not recognized as Work by the Social Security office, as it denies her request. She writes this essay in protest of how society devalues ?women's work?. Yakel uses a lot of dialogue, when talking to the operator at Social Security Office; this is done to bring a sense a reality to the text and appeal to readers. Yakel also takes full paragraphs (Para 12) out of her mother's diary, to make an emotional connection between the reader and Yakel's mother. This also helps the readers directly relate to Yakel's mother by including dialogue that show exactly how her mother is feeling. Yakel also describes her mother's work in details, ? My town bred mother learned t set hens and raise chickens, feed pigs, milk cows (Para 13), to make the readers recognize, appreciates and even relate to her mothers work as Yakel does. And not discard years of service and hardship towards her family, as Social Security did. For the same reason she describes the most smallest of the details from her diary, ?She raised a new flock of baby chicks?500?and Yakel also includes all the dates, especially the years, so the readers can recognize or even relate to surrounding environment. Such as in 1931 (Para 16), Yakel's mother went through a drought, therefore people who had experiences such as this can relate to Yakel's mother's hardship. Not even once, Yakel describes or tells something that her mother did for herself. This is to reinforce the message that person, who spends their whole life tending to others, is told by the society, that her work is not recognized and appreciated. Even at old age, after being paralyzed by an accident, Yakel's mother ?From her wheelchair canned pickles, backed bread, ironed clothes(Para 24) again reinforcing the same message. As the flashback finishes, the operator on the other side comes back, to the phone. The Author highlights this text by including the exact dialogue that took place, therefore making a better impact on the reader. Then Yakel ends with the operator's dialogue, ?Well you see?your mother never worked?, (Para 32) leaving the readers in state of shock, because by this time in text, reader would probably agree with author that Yakel's mother should be rewarded for her lifetime of struggle to keep her family in order. Judy Brady, who is a homemaker, also heavily involved in women's movement, wrote the second essay ?I Want a Wife?, describing a wife's job in house which could have well been her personal experience as a homemaker. Brady wrote this essay, so that society realizes that equal partnership in a home is very important for a successful marriage and a happy home. This essay was also written with a secondary thesis in line with Yakel's essay, that even though women does so much work towards their home, they don't get any credit from our society. Brady, who is a wife herself, uses a sarcastic tone, saying she would like someone to tend to virtually every need of Bradys. As she mockingly describes what exactly she wants from a wife, she very successfully and effectively makes a connection with the readers, conveying the message of what was required from a woman in 1972. Brady very effectively uses repetition, ?I want a wife (Para 3), trying to drum in the thesis, and trying to change society's attitude towards, what

Mary Shelley Gothic Horror and Science-Fiction †Frankenstein Essay

Mary Shelley Gothic Horror and Science-Fiction – Frankenstein Essay Free Online Research Papers Mary Shelley Gothic Horror and Science-Fiction Frankenstein Essay Background: Mary Shelley’s life was surrounded with death as Mary Shelley’s mother died just ten days after giving birth to her. Her own daughter died within two weeks of birth. Then Mary’s husband drowned when he took a boat out to sea in a storm even though he could not swim. These deaths may be the reason why Mary Shelley became intrigued in bringing the dead back to life. In 1818 Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein (Although the novel was written in 1818, it was only in 1831 in the third revised edition that Mary Shelley put her name to it as female authors weren’t credited as male authors were.), a Gothic Horror novel also incorporating themes of Science-Fiction, In this essay therefore I will explore how Mary Shelley portraits her skills as a writer of both Gothic Horror and Science-Fiction. Chapter 5 of the novel was originally intended as a short story to be entered into a ghost story competition. In order to stand a chance of winning Mary Shelley had to hook the reader within the first few paragraphs of reading. She does this by shrouding the reader in mystery as to what is going on and throwing the reader into a vivid description of the monster without explanation. As the novel was originally intended for as a ‘ghost story’, the horror theme is explicit. I previously described the novel as vivid and explicit, this can be traced back to what Mary Shelley described as a ‘waking nightmare’, which originally sparked the idea for the novel. The Gothic Horror theme draws many parallels to the Science-Fiction; both are surrounded by mystery and unrealism. Some themes of Gothic Horror can be: Darkness, the supernatural, pathetic fallacy mystery. Often upon hearing the term Science-Fiction, vast spaceships and brightly coloured stars immediately come to mind, where as on the contrary Science-Fiction is simply exploring the realm of the unknown. Firstly, I will explore the setting for the scene in the opening paragraphs of chapter 5; including the use of pathetic fallacy. This is used variously throughout the novel, showing foreshadowing events of which are yet to come. The mood of the scene reflects the weather in the scene. The scene is set â€Å"on a dreary night of November† (note this shows evidence of the start of the novel as Mary Shelley does not write, ‘two months later’ or ‘the next day’). Overall, the scene is set as a dark and dreary night with heavy rain; the only light is dim candle light. This makes any given description partially shadowed or not completely known, keeping the reader in some mystery as to descriptor as a whole, a theme of both Gothic Horror and of Science-Fiction. The description Mary Shelley gives is once again vivid, â€Å"his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of his muscles arteries beneath†. This description is very important as the novel soon comes to a turning point where the novel is told from the ‘monsters’ perspective. This is because many people will envision what is going on through their minds eye, therefore for the reader to follow exactly how Mary Shelley created the monster, they need this description. This furthers to my next point; Mary Shelley’s description of the monster, this is obvious evidence of the Gothic Horror theme while in a less subtle tone part of the Sci-Fi theme. The monster is a supernatural being, beyond the realms of realism, a element in both themes. Where as the description its self is purely Horror. At the time of writing Sci-Fi was seen in a different perspective to today. The monster sparked revolutionary fear and then a lot less unreal than it would be seen today. This brings me on to my penultimate point; why did Victor create the monster? Mary Shelley partially based the novel on the Greek myth of Prometheus (there is also a Roman/Latin myth of Prometheus). Mary Shelley subtitled Frankenstein, â€Å"The Modern Prometheus†. One common is element is that both of their ambitions were to benefit mankind. Prometheus’s goal was to better mankind by providing them fire from the heavens, Zeus then punished Prometheus by fixing him to a rock and each day a predatory bird came to devour his liver. Where as Victor believed his research could create an ultimate and powerful being, which he considered would help mankind, which later turned on him and killed all of this loved ones. When Victor looks back at what he had created towards the end of the novel, he regrets bringing the monster into the world. In conclusion, the novel, when it was first published was seen as a unique as well as horrific. Mary Shelley wrote the novel from several different perspective giving a vast insight into many characters feelings and emotions. The viewpoint of the monster is intriguing as the reader will feel sympathy towards the monster only to be reminded of what he actually is. Victor Frankenstein wanted to better mankind and in turn helped corrupt it, this plays on the readers sympathy as he tries to do good, he becomes obsessed with his work, as everything around him falls and everyone he cares about disappears. Mary Shelley’s skills as a writer of both Gothic Horror and of Science-Fiction create a whole new way of thinking which has sparked into many authors writing similar pieces. Research Papers on Mary Shelley Gothic Horror and Science-Fiction - Frankenstein EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Hockey GameThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtBringing Democracy to AfricaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Loopstick antennas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loopstick antennas - Essay Example In a loopstick antenna there is no spurious effect resulting from the capacitance of the loop to ground. The loopstick antenna is used in domestic appliances such as portable radios, FM receiver and RFID. The main problem with Multi-turn design is that the looses are high and that during warm seasons the temperature can increase (Karaus and Marhefka 2001). The other advantage is its small size and directivity. In addition, the radiated power can be aimed at the required path. "In general, loops and loopsticks are used for mobile and portable operation, while phased arrays are used for fixed-station operation" (Straw 2000, p. 228). The disadvantage of this antenna is design. Most of the antennas have low radiation resistance which resulted in high levels of current flowing. In order to resistance of such antennas, manufacturers use hard materials such as a tubular conductor or think rod. Disadvantage is high Q. This creates additional difficulties for its practical application and domestic usage (Karaus and Marhefka 2001).

Laputa, Castle In The Sky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Laputa, Castle In The Sky - Essay Example â€Å"Laputa- Castle in the Sky† was enthused by â€Å"Gulliver's Travels† by Jonathan Swift. The film is the first one that came from Japanese animation thrust Studio Ghibli. It was also the third major film produced by its master Hayao Miyazaki. Young Pazu lives in a charming mountain town. He is a worker in a coal mine that is located in the mountain. One day as he carried on with his daily activities, an unconscious girl fell from the sky and landed on his arms, to his amazement. Sheeta was being chased by several people who wanted her for interrogation thinking that she was connected to the secret of Laputa, castle in the sky. These people comprised of a group of military, pirates and some government officials. They followed her because of the blue crystal that was tied on her neck. This crystal made her almost weightless and allowed her to fly in to the sky without much effort (Books, Macias & Aoyama, 2003). Pazu carried her into his house. They did not take long before they became acquainted. However, their stay at Pazu’s house was short-lived because after a short time, the bad people who were in search of her showed up at Pazu's doorstep wanting to arrest Sheeta and take the crystal that was tied around her neck. Pazu could not allow them take Sheeta and the crystal. Therefore, he helps her escape with him. The people who wanted to capture Sheeta did not give up. They chased them across the mountains, through the mines and into the air. The escape helps the audience understand the flying castle of Laputa and the fact that Sheeta knows more information about it than she reveals. Laputa follows Pazu and Sheeta who fly in a floating castle in the sky. On the other hand, the family of pirates and the military personnel follow them using an aircraft that flies through a steam-powered engine (Beck, 2005). Hayao Miyazaki tells the story through the beauty of the animation. He uses a design that is phenomenal and constructs mechanical cont raptions that fly. The landscapes where the chase occurs have been developed with a magical touch that gives the film beautiful environments where the action occurs. The scenes are painted using deep earthly colors that fill up the large spaces that follow the action. The action happens without stopping from the very beginning through the whole film to its final stages. Despite the fact that the film features a lot of action that constantly occupies the screen, Laputa, castle in the sky, features quieter moments that have strong characterization and diverse humor. This is achieved through the use of fully fleshed-out back stories and motives that are created from the adventurous ways of the characters. For instance, the family of pirates is handled in a way that depicts them as simple caricatures. Their domineering mother is given best dramatic scenes that bring out her character as a pantomime villain that, in turn, develops into a full-fledged protagonist (Cavallaro, 2006). As the story develops, the audience is led to a switch that occurs between opposites. It happens in a rather fulfilling manner. At one time, the audience is led to scenes where Pazu and Sheeta find themselves as partners in an unlikely situation characterized by a shady bunch. Pazu takes the duty of ensuring that the enemies do not get them by surprise by constantly paying attention to what happens in the crow’

English literature Essay Example for Free

English literature Essay For Locke, all knowledge comes exclusively through experience. He argues that at birth the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, that humans fill with ideas as they experience the world through the five senses. Locke defines knowledge as the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form. From this definition it follows that our knowledge does not extend beyond the scope of human ideas. In fact, it would mean that our knowledge is even narrower than this description implies, because the connection between most simple human ideas is unknown. Because ideas are limited by experience, and we cannot possibly experience everything that exists in the world, our knowledge is further compromised. However, Locke asserts that though our knowledge is necessarily limited in these ways, we can still be certain of some things. For example, we have an intuitive and immediate knowledge of our own existence, even if we are ignorant of the metaphysical essence of our souls. We also have a demonstrative knowledge of God’s existence, though our understanding cannot fully comprehend who or what he is. We know other things through sensation. We know that our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience. A blind man, for example, would not be able to form a concept of colour. Therefore, those of us who have sight can reason that since we do perceive colours, they must exist.

Manet’s Advertisement An understanding of Vue de l’Exposition Universel

An understanding of Vue de l’Exposition Universelle, Paris 1867 â€Å"Manet a toujours reconnu le talent là   oà ¹ il se trouve et n’a prà ©tendu ni renverser une ancienne peinture ni en crà ©er une nouvelle. Il a cherchà © simplement à   à ªtre lui-mà ªme et non un autre.† Edouard Manet, Motifs d’une exposition particulià ¨re, May 1867 (in Courthion: 139) Manet is a transitional painter, emerging from the realism of the early to mid nineteenth century and a precursor to — included in by some authors — the impressionist movement. The public’s fascination with his work is remarkable. But, as much as his work is appreciated today, he has been criticized and misunderstood by his contemporaries. His radical explorations in composition and representation made him an easy target for unfavorable critics. He has been accused of leaving his paintings unfinished, of not being able to compose, of lack of imagination and even of vulgarity (Hanson, Howard, Mainardi, others). His position as part of the â€Å"tribe of eccentrics† (Chesneau q. in Mainardi: 109) has kept Manet out of the conservative catalog of the Fine Arts section of the Exposition Universelle of 1867 in Paris. Since, in the artist’s words, â€Å"montrer est la question vitale, le sine qua non pour l’artiste† (in Courthion: 140), he was forced to prepare his own show to display his work to the very important public brought to Paris by the world fair. So, he and Courbet borrowed money and set up on the Place de l’Alma, right on the path leading from the Salon at the Place de l’Industrie to the Exposition Universelle on the Champ de Mars (Mainardi: 109). It is in this ambiance of optimistic defiance that Manet produced Vue de l’Exposition Universelle, Paris 1867 , his illustration of the fair. ... ...er Levin Associates, 1988 Hanson, Anne Coffin. Manet and the Modern Tradition. New Haven: Yale U. Press, 1977 Howard, Seymour. â€Å"Early Manet and Artful Error: Foundations of Anti-Illusion in Modern Painting† in Art Journal. New York: College Art Association of America. Vol. 37, Fall 1977: 14-21 L’Exposition universelle de 1867: guide de l’exposant et du visiteur, avec les documents officiels, un plan et une vue de l’Exposition. Paris: Exposition universelle de 1867, 1866 L’illustration. 6 Avril 1867 Mainardi, Patricia. â€Å"Edouard Manet’s ‘View of the Universal Exposition of 1867’† in Arts Magazine. 54(5), January 1980: 108-115 Reff, Theodore, ed. Manet and modern Paris: one hundred paintings, drawings, prints, and photographs by Manet and his contemporaries. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1982 The Illustrated London News. 6 July, 1867

Media Impacts on Children’s Rights Essay

Child abuse gives most people a vision of the faults and blunders of the society. Child mistreatment is one of the most common crimes committed in the present. As for the Philippines, one can find vital statistics to certain crimes at the Bantay Bata 163 website (http://www.abs-cbn.com/bantaybata163). According to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), 6,494 cases of child abuse were reported for the year of 2006 alone. Indeed, the government and certain non-government organizations must deal with these incidents of child abuse particularly the mass media. This paper examines the role of the media in relation to child abuse and child protection and argues that the media have been essential to the task of placing the problem of child abuse in the minds of the public and on the political agenda. THE MASS MEDIA According to YourDictionary.com, Mass Media is those means of communication that reach and influence large numbers of people, especially newspapers, popular magazines, radio, and television. Mass Media are those media that are created to be consumed by immense number of population worldwide and also a direct contemporary instrument of mass communication. Nonetheless, Mass Media is considered as the fourth estate of the society as well. It is the fourth branch of the government. It is the voice and weapon of the people and the society as whole. Mass media has various purposes, first is for entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading but since the late 20th century it can also be through video and computer games. Next is for public service announcement which is intended to modify public attitudes by raising awareness about specific issues like health and safety. And lastly is for advocacy. This can be for  both business and social concerns. This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations and political communication. MEDIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS As stated by the Secretary- General of the United Nations in 1998, Human Rights are ‘what reason requires and what conscience commands’ (Mizuta, 2000). It is commonly recognized that human rights are firm foundations of human existence and co-existence. It is for these human rights that the United Nations is engaged in securing the basic conditions of life, in ensuring peace, development, a safe environment, food, shelter, education, participation, equal opportunities and protection against intolerance in any form. The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights expicitly states that: ‘every individual and every organ of the society, keeping this Declaration constatly inmind, shall strive by teaching education to promote respect for these rights and freedom’ (Hamelink, 2000). With this, we can say that all (including different institutions) are responsible in promoting human rights. Mass media present the opportunity to communicate to large numbers of people and to target particular groups of people. As observed by Gamble and Gamble (1999), mass communication is significantly different from other forms of communication. They note that mass communication has the capacity to reach ‘simultaneously’ many thousands of people who are not related to the sender. It depends on ‘technical devices’ or ‘machines’ to quickly distribute messages to diverse audiences often unknown to each other. Thus, media in relation to human rights shows a exceptional characteristic in promoting it. CHILD ABUSE In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. The physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect of children have a long recorded history. In the mid to late 1800s, it was reported that children were often sexually assaulted, that children reported honestly about their abuse, and that the perpetrators of abuse were often the children’s fathers and brothers (Olafsen, Corwin and Summit 1993). Every year, millions of children across the world are becoming innocent helpless targets of atrocities. They are the sufferers of ill-treatment, exploitation, and brutality. They are part of human trafficking to induce into prostitution rackets. In terror prone regions, they are kidnapped from their homes and schools and their innocent childhood is forced into the army to witness the brunt of cruelty. They are enforced into debt repression or other kinds of slavery. In Metro Manila, according to Australian study, urbanization and migration continuously increase, children are often forced by circumstances to help their families earn a living. Most street children are of poor parents who have migrated from rural areas to find better job opportunities in the city, but lack of education renders them ill-equipped to earn or survive in the city. Street children have a bleak present and an uncertain future. Life in the street is a constant struggle to overcome the various negative elements that threaten to overtake and destroy the hope for survival. The street child works under the heat of the sun or in the dark of the night from 6 to 16 hours, seven days a week, often in a combination of â€Å"occupations† each considered their only means to survive. In the cities, neglected and abandoned children find themselves in the streets fending for themselves and vulnerable to the various evils of the urban jungle such as drug addiction, crimes and commercial sexual exploitation. Children who are neglected or abandoned are easy prey not only to accidents but to commercial sexual exploitation, drugs, crime and unwanted pregnancies. Incidents of child abuse is still on the rise especially  child sexual abuse. Also on the rise are reports of physical abuse and maltreatment of children. According to the statistics, there are approximately 40,000 to 50,000 street children of all categories in Metro Manila. Studies conducted reveal that the number of street children range from 2 to 3% of the child and adult population. The national project on street children estimated the number of street children at over 220,000 in 65 major cities as of 1993. There are now about 350 government and non government agencies that are responding to street childre n and their families. The government has given special focus on helping street children with programs focused on health and nutrition, educational assistance, parenting sessions, livelihood and skills training, residential care, foster care and adoption. However for as long as there would be squatter colonies sprouting in urban areas and for as long as there are not enough jobs, street children will continue to dominate in the streets. In a 1993 survey of households, some 16% of households surveyed have children below 12 years old who are left unattended with no supervising adult in the house. This translates to one in six households where children are without adult supervision. The consequences of child abuse are overwhelmingly disturbing. It denies a child its basic right-education. While violence and abuse pose a threat to their life, it also offers more devastating adverse effects on their mental and physical health. Often it leads to homelessness, resulting in increased number of cases of vagrancy giving birth to a feeling of depression. To worsen the scenario, these victims are more likely to abuse their own children in future, thanks to the deep impact on their mind and the cycle will continue forever. Though the agony and the plight of these children remain suppressed in silence, the brunt of their exploitation is very real. Although, the whole world is morally fuming at the abuse children endure. Yet, protection laws against child abuse commonly meet with confrontation at all strata of society. Like the protection of human rights, child protection can also be effectively promoted through media. MEDIA ON CHILD PROTECTION The media have been essential to the growth of society’s awareness of child abuse and neglect, not so much from specific community education campaigns as through ongoing news and features reporting on specific cases, research and intervention initiatives (Gough 1996). Media representations are the primary source of information on social problems for many people (Hutson and Liddiard 1994). Specifically, it is apparent that the media’s conceptualization of children and young people, and media reporting on both physical discipline of children and child abuse, is significant in reflecting and defining society’s perceptions of children and young people (Franklin and Horwath 1996), and what is and what is not acceptable behavior towards children. In addition to news stories, feature articles, and investigative journalism, sporadic mass media education and prevention campaigns are launched. These campaigns usually endeavor to broaden community knowledge of child abuse and neglect, to influence people’s attitudes towards children and young people, and to change behaviors that contribute to, or precipitate, the problem of child abuse and neglect in our communities (Goddard and Saunders, 2002). The constructive use of mass media can assist in teaching children and young people socially desirable ways of dealing with conflict, knowledge of their rights to integrity and protection from harm, healthy eating habits and lifestyles, and ways to assert themselves and their rights in a positive, acceptable manner. In an Inquiry into the Effects of Television and Multimedia on Children and Families in Victoria, Australia, evaluations of educational television programs, designed either for pre-schoolers or for older children, have suggested their effectiveness in ‘heightening a range of social behaviors’ (Friedrich and Stein 1973), diminishing ‘the effects of stereotyping’ (Johnston and Ettema 1982), increasing ‘preparedness for adolescence’ (Singer and Singer 1994), and stimulating the discussion of ‘solutions to general social issues’ (Johnston et. al 1993). The Convention of the rights of the child provides for the right of children to access information and material to those that aimed the promotion of his or her rights. (Hamelink, 1999).Therefore, mass media as a  primary source of these information should provide the children proper knowledge of his or her rights. Also, mass media education and prevention campaigns may be designed to target children and young people, providing them with useful information and alerting them to avenues for further information, help and support. Campaigns can also use regular television programs for children. Research suggests that, at least in the short term, television viewing of such programs may increase children’s and young people’s knowledge and positively change attitudes and behaviors. Unfortunately, longitudinal studies exploring sustained effects are rare and thus inconclusive. It further notes that television ‘is one of the most popular forms of mass communication and entertainment in has been under-utilized as an educative tool’, and suggests that perhaps narrow vision has meant that the deliberate use of television simultaneously to entertain and educate has not been fully recognized. Despite this, Postman (1994) has argued that television is rapidly becoming ‘the first curriculum’, with educational institutions such as schools following behind. Further, campaigns may be designed to give children and young people an opportunity to express their views on issues that affect them, specifically targeting adult audiences that habitually ignore the views and experiences of children and young people. The UK Children’s Express is one example, as is Youth Forum in Melbourne’s Herald Sun newspaper. .Research on the physical punishment of children suggests, for example, that adults may be interested to hear children’s views on the issue of physical discipline, and children interviewed in the research were keen for adults to hear their views. To date, however, the media rarely, if ever, consults children and takes their views into account before reporting on the physical punishment for children (Goddard and Saunders, 2000) MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGNS †¢ EVERY CHILD IS IMPORTANT (Australia, May 2000) This primary prevention campaign used a ‘comforting’ approach and incorporated a significant mass media component (Tucci et. al2001). As outlined in ‘More action – less talk! Community responses to child abuse prevention’ (Tucci, et. al 2001), the campaign sought to: elicit a commitment from adults to adults to develop safe and non-abusive relationships with children; persuade adults to stop behaving in ways which are harmful to children; educate adults about the important needs of children; and better inform adults about the causes and consequences of child abuse. The campaign encouraged all adults to: think and view children as a source of hope; understand the developmental variables of children; respect the meaning children give to their experiences; engage positively with the principles of children’s rights; and appreciate more fully the capacities and contribution of children to the cultural and emotional life of families and communities. The campaign also addressed: the commonly held belief that children are a cost to society; the perceived suspicion that any application of the notion of children’s rights will mean an erosion of parent’s rights; and the public’s lack of understanding about the extent and nature of child abuse in Australia. The campaign continued until the end of 2001. A song, written by Van Morrison and performed by Rod Stewart, ‘Have I Told You Lately That I Love You’, was the focus of a television advertising campaign that aimed to stimulate people’s thoughts about the importance and value of children and how this is communicated to them. Television commercials were backed up by press and radio advertisements. In addition to advertising, the campaign sought media attention by involving Tracy Bartram, FOX FM radio personality, as an ambassador for the campaign. Media attention was drawn to the campaign’s launch. A free information kit for parents was made available, parent’s seminar sessions, featuring Michael Grose, were conducted, and a website made readily available to the public. The campaign did not receive state or federal funding but relied heavily on in-kind support from individuals and Victorian businesses. Quantum Market Research monitored the effectiveness of the campaign. In  May 2000 and October 2000 telephone interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 301 adults. Public dissemination of research outcomes formed part of the campaign strategy. Tucci et al. (2001) report that the initial research findings, five months into the campaign, revealed that: ‘Child abuse is as serious social problem that is poorly understood by the Victorian public while fifty one per cent of respondents believed the community recognized child abuse as a serious social problem and another twenty one per cent believed they accurately understood the extent and nature of child abuse in Australia, this is clearly not the case. Fifty nine per cent were unable even to guess the number of reports of child abuse received annually. Only four per cent of respondents accurately estimated the size of the problem. Twenty-nine per cent of respondents underestimated the problem by at least 90,000 reports. The idea that adults can hurt children is disturbing and likely underpins the belief by fifty one per cent of respondents that the community treats this issue seriously, but when asked to account for the extent to which children are being abused by adults, community awareness is sadly lacking.’ Eighty per cent of respondents strongly supported the need for a campaign against child abuse. Australians Against Child Abuse thus feels confident that the ‘Every Child is Important’ campaign will significantly influence public attitudes and responses to children and to child abuse. Ongoing research into the impact of the campaign will in itself be valuable in contributing to the debate about the educative and cost effectiveness of mass media campaigns aimed at preventing child abuse and neglect. †¢ NSPCC Full Stop Campaign – Primary Prevention (United Kingdom, May 1999) It has the ambitious aim of ending cruelty to children within 20 years. Costing three million pounds, it proposes to change attitudes and behaviour towards children, to make it everybody’s business to protect children, and to launch new services and approaches (Boztas, 1999). The campaign is supported by Prince Andrew, popular personalities such as the Spice Girls, the English football star Alan Shearer, and companies such as British Telecom and Microsoft. As Rudaizky (quoted in Hall 1999) explains, a pictorial theme of the campaign is people covering their eyes: ‘The theme of the eyes being covered is about people not facing up to the reality of what is happening. Our intention was not to shock but to move people into doing something about it. Child abuse is not nice to talk about. It is an upsetting subject but unless we talk about it, we will not end it.’ This objective highlights the suppression/awareness phenomenon mentioned above, and draws attention again to the need for ongoing rather than intermittent prevention campaigns. FAMILIES’ – University of Queensland Sanders et al. (2000) evaluated Families – a 12-part prevention-focused television series ‘designed to provide empirically validated parenting information in an interesting and entertaining format. The series presented a parenting model, suggesting strategies parents could use with their children. It aimed to reassure parents that it is normal for parenting to be challenging, and it hoped to increase parents’ confidence that positive changes in children’s behavior were achievable. The series also aimed to increase awareness in the community of the importance of ‘positive family relationships’ to the positive development of young people (Sanders et al. 2000). This ‘media-based television series’ was considered to be successful, specifically in relation to its impact on increasing the parenting confidence of mothers. However, Sanders et al. (2000) concluded that the impact of the series could have been increased: ‘by the strategic provision of service support systems, such as telephone information contact lines or parenting resource centers, which could be advertised as part of a coordinated media strategy planned to coincide with the airing of the television program. These services could provide information and back-up resources, such as parenting tip sheets, to parents seeking further advice after viewing the program. Staff at these centers could also identify and  refer families who may need more intensive help. †¢ BEYOND BELIEF (United Kingdom, 1992) A documentary claimed to show new evidence of satanic/ritual abuse in Britain. Following the program, helplines were overloaded with calls from people who had experienced sexual or ritual abuse. Counsellors noted that: ‘The program appeared to have given callers permission to speak of their experiences and their gratitude that someone, somewhere took what they said seriously.’ (Scott 1993) Henderson, a fellow at Glasgow University’s mass media unit, as quoted by Hellen (1998) commented that: ‘A lot of people who have suffered child abuse quite simply lack the vocabulary, because of shame or fear, to come to terms with what has happened. Provided a drama does not place blame on the child, it can be very helpful.’ †¢ BBC Screenplay It has been suggested that sometimes ‘drama reaches the parts the documentary cannot’ (Campbell 1989). Writing about Testimony of a Child, a BBC screenplay that presents ‘the other side of the Cleveland child sexual abuse saga – the story of an abused child going home to [the] abuser’, Campbell argues that sexual assault ‘presents television with terrible problems. Television is about seeing. But it censors what we need to see if we are to understand because it bows to propriety and thus contains what is knowable’ (Campbell 1989).Despite this, Campbell (1989) notes the power of fictitious drama based on fact to: ‘ invite you to think: what would you do if faced with that child’s face, his fantasies full of terror and death, his starvation, his stubborn silences, his sore bum. †¢ COLD HANDS- (New South Wales, 1993) Armstrong (1993) argued that the play portrays a week in the life of a 12 year-old girl sexually assaulted by her father and got pregnant. The  play’s focus allows the audience to gain an insight into the child’s fear and trauma, the father’s feeble rationalization and defense, and the mother’s fear of confronting the truth. Armstrong noted that the New South Wales Child Protection Council showed professional interest in the play and that plays have been used as part of child abuse awareness campaigns. The play’s director, Ritchie (as quoted by Armstrong 1993) remarked that: ‘The play is powerful, dramatic, presenting practical and emotional reality. It is confronting, but it emphasizes the fact that there is no excuse. †¢ QUESTIONS 2: Killing Tomorrow – New Zealand A documentary, screened in New Zealand in 2001, graphically depicts the lives and abuse of three children. During the documentary, a Detective Inspector informs the audience that the drama is based on the lives of real people, and the audience is told how life turned out for the children and their abusers. ‘Only those with ice in their veins could fail to be moved – and there lies the problem. In each case, one adult or more had failed to take responsibility for the safety of a defenseless child’ (Herrick 2001). Reporting in The New Zealand Herald, Herrick asks what can programs like this possibly expect to achieve. Twenty years ago, polite society didn’t even acknowledge abuse existed, let alone talk about it. So shows like this, which provoke thought and discussion, must be a sign of progress, even if the statistics say otherwise. Killing tomorrow was punishing if compelling viewing. Supported by New Zealand’s child protection authority, Child Youth and Family Services (CYFS), consider documentaries like ‘Killing Tomorrow’ to be a powerful way of educating people about the issues and what can be done to protect children. ‘We want to create an environment where child abuse is less able to exist and we’re pleased Screentime-Communicado has decided to help raise these serious issues’ (Brown, CYFS chief executive quoted in The  New Zealand Herald 28/11/01). After the program was screened there was a panel discussion of the issues presented in the documentary and CYFS booklets that provide tips on parenting were made available to the public. Child protection received 211 phone calls during the documentary and on the night it was screened. Fifty-three child abuse investigations resulted, five of which cases were considered ‘very urgent [and were] assigned immediately to social workers for investigation’ (Ward, CYFS spokesperson, quoted in The New Zealand Herald 30/11/01). Also quoted in the New Zealand Herald 30/11/01 was Simcock, the National Social Services spokesperson: ‘The documentary showed community groups were doing their best on the issue but government measures were sadly lacking the most helpful thing the government could do was to change the law that allowed parents to hit children. While the documentary appears to have raised awareness of child abuse and prompted some people to act on their suspicions of abuse and neglect, Henare, a Child Abuse Prevention Services spokesperson, noted that ‘the objective of the documentary would not be reached without enough money for community providers’ (quoted in The New Zealand Herald 30/11/01). These are only some examples of media campaigns. There were still lots more evidences the media protecting children around the globe from abuse. Though media shows a remarkable effort in the child protection system, people can not stay away from the fact that there are still several problems these media campaigns face. MEDIA PROBLEMS IN CHILD PROTECTION CAMPAIGN Journalists willing to advocate for children and young people face the challenge of counterbalancing negative images or ‘demonisation‘(Franklin and Horwath 1996) of children and, particularly, of adolescents, in print, television and film. Starkly contrasting with once popular views of  childhood as a time of innocence, less than positive images of children and young people in the media may place obstacles in the path of attempts to prevent their abuse and neglect. In 1968, 11-yearold Mary Bell murdered two boys, aged three and four in the UK. Twenty-five years later, in 1993, two ten-year-old boys murdered two-year-old Jamie Bulger in the UK, and in Australia in 1998, a ten-year-old boy was charged with drowning a six-year-old playmate. In such cases, a child being able to open his or her mind in abusive acts might be the perpetrator of maltreatment to his or her fellow. Psychologically, the Social Information Processing Theory of Aggression, comes here. According to Strasburger (1995), the central tenet of social information processing theory is that children create their own rationales to explain the behavior of others during social during social encounters. In turn, these self- generated interpretation influence children’s responses in their ongoing social interaction. Given that mental state operate in a feedback loop, it is possible that all social experiences, including those involving violent media, could influence social information processing. CONCLUSION Society sometimes fails to recognize that children are the most vulnerable group in our community, and are thus in need of the greatest protection. The social and economic costs to societies that have not prioritized children’s needs, especially the prevention of child abuse and neglect, are well documented. This paper focused on news stories, feature articles and investigative journalism. In this, we have concentrated on mass media education and prevention campaigns, television series, documentaries, and live theatre productions. It demonstrate the media’s potential power to positively influence child welfare policies, community responses to children and young people, and societal acknowledgement of, and reaction to, child abuse and neglect. It challenges those who are involved in child welfare and child protection to make greater efforts to understand media influences and to use  the media constructively. Sustained community education and prevention campaigns, using mass media communication, are integral to the prevention of child abuse and neglect. These campaigns continually confront communities with the reality of child abuse. They challenge people, institutions, and governments to listen to children and to respond to the needs of all children and families, and particularly the special needs of children who have been abused or neglected. Further, sustained mass media exposure of child abuse and neglect may publicly censure and shame perpetrators, many of whom are relatives and adults well known to the victimized child. According to Tucci (2002), the agenda for our community – and the government which represents us – should be clear. The prevention of child abuse should be a priority. However, to be effective, mass media campaigns will need to be part of a broader prevention program that includes the provision of supports and services for all children and families. 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