The Fundamental Law Of Nature And Government - 2140 Words

In this essay I will be arguing that the prerogative is a right that is needed by the executive branch in order to fulfill the fundamental law of nature and government: the preservation of all of its members. So long as the fiduciary grant is meant to achieve this goal it has the right to be exercised at the discretion of its user. This argument will discuss the nature of the prerogative, its necessity, and its justification for use. This will be supported with evidence from Locke’s Second Treatise of Government. The prerogative is not an abusive instrument that is meant to subverts the laws society; it is a tool meant to adhere with utmost urgency to the fundamental law of society: doing what is best for the people and their property. It is meant to ensure that not even its own laws can do harm to the citizens it so righteously protects. The enshrinement of this ideal is founded on the social contract all members of civil society enter into when they become a part of society. This contract is created from something as well; the law that governed man in its original state of nature, reason. Locke asserts that man was born into the world in a perfect state of freedom to order his own actions. He is capable of reciprocal jurisdiction without consent from any outside influence. Abiding by the law of nature he came to find that all men were independent and equal by divine will. Since God had created all men they would be his property, and thus all would be held in the sameShow MoreRelatedEssay about John Locke ´s Flawless Government860 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst all, and creates pandemonium. As a result, we create governments to maintain control. Obviously there is no such thing as a perfect government, and there will never be a perfect government. However, there are some methods of governing that come extremely close to achieving an ideal government. John Locke offers a way of governing, which I believe comes remarkably close to creating a flawless gov ernment. John Locke constructs a government that is controlled by the will of the people, which canRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 PagesTreatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famous work, Leviathan, during the height of the English Civil War. This was possibly the most violent and chaotic time in all of British history, and is certainly reflected in Hobbes’ writing. He introduces his view on the state of nature, that is, society without government, as a state of warRead MoreDefining Characteristics Of The New Zealand Constitution1450 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Law: Defining Characteristics of the New Zealand Constitution ID: 62952639 A constitution revolves around public power. It is the body of law that creates and regulates the application of the powers . The nature and application of these powers are the one of the most fundamental components of an evolved society. NZ has a number of unique and defining characteristics to its constitution, the origins of these powers and their application have far reaching consequences for the people of NewRead MoreEssay on Modern Western Political Thought1157 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a state of nature. In this state of nature man has complete freedom. Rousseau defines this freedom as physical freedom, because man has the ability to whatever he physically pleases and is only guided by his impulses and instincts. By joining a civil society man gains the rationality to restrain his actions and preserves himself by removing himself from the state of nature, in which everything is determined by force. Since Rousseau believes man is born into a state of nature and subsequentlyRea d MoreApplication of the Analytical School of Justice1805 Words   |  7 PagesINDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL SCHOOL John Austin is the inspiration of the Analytical School, which in turn drew his inspiration from Hobbes, and Bentham. According to Austin law is a command given by a superior to an inferior and enforced by material sanctions. Positive law is a creation of sovereign. It emphasizes that the sovereign is a superior and commands of the sovereign is law, and disobedience of commands is accompanied by punishment. Law is the expression ofRead MoreJohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes both believe that men are equal in the state of nature, but their individual opinions about equality lead them to propose fundamentally different methods of proper civil governance. Locke argues that the correct form of civil government should be concerned with the common good of the people, and defend the citizenry’s rights to life, health, liberty, and personal possessions. Hobbes argues that the proper form of civil government must have an overarching ruler governing the people in orderRead MoreHobbes Leviath Human Desire1553 Words   |  7 Pagesman’s nature is given an arguably pessimistic description by Hobbes, â€Å"So that in the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restle ss desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death† (58). This conclusion of man’s nature comes as the logical end point of his discussion of bodies in motion, power and other aspects of human nature. The description of man’s nature by Hobbes’ also becomes the fundamental base for his argument for the state of nature beingRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract Theory1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Constitution established America s national government and fundamental laws and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens it was signed on September 17th 1787 by delegates to the Constitution convention in Philadelphia presided over by George Washington. Although other countries have changed their Constitution over years the United States Constitution has been kept the same. The Leviathan, Two Treatises, and the Declaration of Independence serve as underpinnings of the Read MoreOrder In A Civic Society Is Kept By A Great Many A gents1733 Words   |  7 Pagesselfish motivation disastrous whereas the latter thought it fundamental towards maintaining the solvency of the country. The origin of their differing conclusions is found in their respective interpretations of the end a government is meant to serve; to the republican Machiavelli, the government is a means to individual liberty through political participation, while the absolutist Hobbes believed the sovereign, acting as the government, is the provider of security and freedom from â€Å"continuall feareRead MorePhilosophers: Niccolo Machiavelli, John Locke and Karl Marx885 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent forms of government in the world. Through their literature they have created a huge wave of revolutionary ideas that exist in the several forms of government to this day. On one hand, Machiavelli advocates political absolutism. It is a form of government in which the governed accept the powers granted to a single ruler usually vested in a king or an emperor by divine manifestation. On the other hand, both Locke and Marx contradict the Machiavellian ideology of government. In contrast, Locke

Traumatic Brain Injury - 1030 Words

My objective in the long term is to provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with â€Å"anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)†, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadly strain of encephalitis, I have a personal perspective that I feel brings much to the discussion. I see the information I am currently gathering at Empire State College as the building blocks that pave the way†¦show more content†¦Courses such as Human Development, Theories of Personality and Abnormal Psychology have already started to drive my love/hate relationship with the founding fathers of the profession. For example, during Hu man Development I discovered David Cohen’s Freud On Coke which completely changed my impression and interpretation of Freud’s conclusions. I hope again to wrestle with him during Dreams: Multi-Disciplinary/Multicultured Exploration. I also hope to use courses like Homework as Self-Help to further my understanding of CBT and DBT therapy techniques that I can build on as my education continues. Courses such as Health Psychology and Positive Psychology seem to play right into helping patients with TBI and ABI who struggle with anxiety and depression. Integrative Wellness: Body, Mind and Spirit and Psychosocial Impact of Illness Disability also relate directly. Living with an ABI survivor, I can see the importance of courses like The Psychology of Forgiveness as well. Guilt and anger are both very difficult emotions involved in the recovery process. Motivation and Emotion seem to play a role in this as well. In an effort to ensure that my plan will meet the goals expected, I have researched the American Psychological Association website, the Empire State College website, The University of Texas at San Antonio’s program, theShow MoreRelatedA Traumatic Brain Injury 1708 Words   |  7 PagesA traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influencesRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries772 Words   |  4 PagesEffects may be long term or short term, depending on the gravity of the incident. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a se rious public health problem in the United States. Based on recent studies, on average, 1.7 million people endure a traumatic brain injury each year. The leading causes of Traumatic Brain Injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, struck by or against objects, and assaults. The initial blow causes the brain to bounce around and twist hitting the bony interior wall of the skull or anRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, is a result of a sudden blow to the head when an external force is applied causing a disruption of the physiological stability of the brain locally. It can also occur when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue and when elevation in the intracranial pressure occurs and potentially dramatic changes in the blood flow within and to the brain. These changes may produce a diminishedRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pages Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severity from the incident may range from no underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration, deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical structu res and lead to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull onRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesInjury Stats Roughly 1.4 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury every year in the United States.1 Of these 1.4 million, 235,000 injuries are severe enough to require hospitalization—and 50,000 result in death. More than half (over 700,000) of all of these yearly brain injuries are from sports-related activities, falls, and physical assaults. In the year 2000, traumatic brain injury cost an estimated $60 billion in the United States, totaled in both direct medical fees and indirect costsRead MoreIntroduction Of Traumatic Brain Injury897 Words   |  4 PagesOutline I. The Brain II. Introduction of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) a. TBI sustained in combat zones i. Degrees of TBI ii. Causes of TBI while deployed 1. Concussion management iii. Why it is a problem III. Who Should Be Screened And How a. Suspected patients b. Methods of screening i. Rapid field screening ii. Further evaluation IV. Interventions and Treatment a. Deployed interventions i. Medications b. Nursing Interventions i. Manage symptoms ii. Family education. The human brain is a scientificRead MoreBrain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreTraumatic Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury1278 Words   |  6 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long-term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having an injury can contribute to the result of postRead MoreImaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesImaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries: An Investigative Report INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial characteristics of altered brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited for reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobilesRead MoreEssay on Traumatic Brain Injury1034 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic brain injury occurs when a person is hit in the head with a blunt force. This significant force to the head can happen playing recreational sports, on the playground, being in a car or motorcycle accident, falling down at home and your head impacting something, a blast or explosion. Traumatic brain injuries are also the leading cause of fatality rate and disability, especially in children, young adults and elderly. TBI is a devastating condition that affects millions of p eople nationwide

MAtrix Essay Example For Students

MAtrix Essay The Matrix Interweaves much symbolism, mythology, philosophy, and psychology. On the surface, the movie challenges the dominance of technology in our culture and predicts an apocalyptic result from the use of artificial intelligence. Yet, behind the human struggle for survival is a mythical backdrop upon which are backlit some of C.G. Jungs basic ideas regarding the human psyche. These Jungian ideas include the ego-Self relationship and how it relates to the persona, the shadow, individuation, and the transcendent function. The earth has been decimated due to a battle for control of the earth between the AIs and humans; the Matrix camouflages this decimation. Humans are artificially created and sustained by the AI superstructure. Then they are plugged into a computer. A computer program generates a simulated reality called the Matrix. Humans live their lives in this computer-generated reality, but this reality is only in their minds. In fact, humans are kept in mechanical eggs filled with an amniotic-like fluid. The AI infrastructure keeps humans alive to tap the energy they produce. The strangers are a group of humans who have escaped the Matrix. Their leader is named Morpheus. Neo is believed by Morpheus to be the savior, The One (The Matrix). An oracle (also an escaped human) predicted long ago that a savior would come, a sort of second coming, and that he would be able to see through the Matrix and bring it down. The oracle told Morpheus that he would find The One. One question, which threads through the movie, is whether or not Neo is The One. Neo is asleep at his desk at home in one of the first scenes. A computer monitor next to him flashes repeatedly the simple text: Wake up Neo (The Matrix). The message is an instruction from the Self. The sleeping man is in ego mode, a symptom of an egocentric psyche. He is unaware of the possibility that there is something else besides the ego and he has not yet awoken to the possibility that there is another world o utside of the persona he lives behind. The theme of Neo as a Jesus Christ figure plays throughout the movie. In Edingers opinion, Christ was a figure who represented the individuating ego. The image of Christ, and the rich network of symbolism which has gathered around him, provide many parallels to the individuation process. When the Christian myth is examined carefully in the light of analytical psychology, the conclusion is inescapable that the underlying meaning of Christianity is the quest for individuation (131). The reference to Jesus Christ in this scene implies that Neo represents the human psyche beginning the individuation process. Neo meets a woman named Trinity at the party. Trinity tells Neo that she is aware of his desire to know what the Matrix is. Its the question that brought you here. What is the Matrix? (The Matrix). Trinity is the one who will lead him towards the underworld. Jung called the her a soul figure, one that occupies an area or boundary between the pe rsonal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Trinity is also associated with a persons calling or fate. Trinity, as a three figure, is incomplete. Jung writes, the number three is not a natural expression of wholeness, since four represents the minimum number of determinants in a whole judgment (Storr 275). Jung believed that the number four represented wholeness in the human psyche. If one were to re-arrange the name Neo slightly, it would be the word one The separateness of the numbers one and the three in the movie, of Neo and Trinity, represent an incompleteness in the human psyche. As we shall see, the joining of Neo and Trinity is what effects the change necessary for Neo to overcome his adversaries at the end of the film. Early resistance of the ego characters occurs after Neos initial recruitment by Morpheus group. Neo has a meeting with his manager after arriving late to work. His manager says, You have a problem with authority, Mr. Anderson (The Matrix). Neo is his alias as a computer hacker; his name in the real world is Thomas Anderson. The manager tells Mr. Anderson in no uncertain terms that he will lose his job if he is late again. The manager is an ego defense mechanism attempting to re-gain control over Neos distraction of the intrusion by the unconscious (Trinity). Ironically, during this scene, window washers are cleaning the windows on this high-rise building, which distracts Neo. I believe that the window-washing image implies that he is getting some clarity and that he sees things a bit more clearly. The stakes are raised higher as AI agents arrive (more ego defenses) to take in Mr. Anderson for questioning. Morpheus attempts to help; he calls Neo on a cell phone and attempts to direct him out of the building before the agents can get to him. This is a conflict between the unconscious figure represented by Morpheus and the ego defenses represented by the AI agents. The AI agents capture Neo. The agents names are Smith, Brown, and Jones. I believe that these common names imply a collective face of society lacking in individuality. They are de fenses of the ego, there to keep Neo under control so he doesnt discover what is really happening. He is interrogated in a, bland room with yellowed fluorescent lighting. Agent Smith tells Neo that he has two personalities. One personality is a tax-paying citizen who goes to work everyday. The other personality is a computer hacker who has broken every hacker law imaginable (The Matrix). Hes told that one of his personalities has a future and the other does not. Its his choice. This split of Neo and Mr. Anderson also demonstrates Jungs concept of the persona. The persona is a complicated system of relations between individual consciousness and society, fittingly enough a kind of mask, designed on the one hand to make a definite impression upon others, and, on the other, to conceal the true nature of the individual (Storr 94). The persona is a public sense a self, the self that an individual displays to the world. Everybody has a persona, but if one believes that the persona is all t hat ones personality is composed of, then the individual is too adjusted to the outer world and not enough to their inner world. In this case, Mr. Anderson is the persona, the mask worn by Neo in the outer world. Neo meets Morpheus face to face. He is a black man and represents a figure of the shadow, another Jungian concept. The shadow is a part of the personal unconscious that retains discarded parts of the personality. Oftentimes the shadow contains parts of the personality that have not been accepted by parental or authority figures during childhood. Thus, the shadow tends to contain aspects that are uncomfortable for persons to face or relate to. The shadow aspects may be considered immoral from the viewpoint of the ego, which tends to consider itself of the highest morals. The shadow is merely somewhat inferior, primitive, unadapted, and awkward, not wholly bad (Storr 90). Consider the reconciliation of opposites, the ego and the shadow, to be a difficult but significant task for individuals. The shadow binds up personal energy; becoming aware of the shadow and integrating its aspects allows the psyche to free up more psychic energy. This allows for changes and a broadening of the personality. The shadow characters name Morpheus implies change. When Neo meets Morpheus and chooses to find out what the Matrix is, he is choosing to face his shadow and to change. Morpheus goes on to describe what the Matrix is. He says, The Matrix is all around us. Its like projected psyche created by man. It has been pulled over your eyes to shield you from the truth (The Matrix). The Matrix is a psychic reality created by the AI creatures that control earth. The psychic reality is projected into the minds of the humans who actually live like fetuses inside these egg-like containers. Humans experience what they perceive to be reality, but in fact is only a reality created by a computer to keep humans satisfied. Thus, the agents of the ego (AI) are responsible for projecting a false world, a front, in order to control humans. The ultimate goal of the AI creatures is to reap the energy that humans naturally produce to keep the AI infrastructure operative. The Matrix is a description of psychic projection. In Jacobi, she defines projection as: the unconscious, automatic extrapolation of a psychic content into an object, as an attribute of which it then appears to us. He projects everything that is unconscious in man into an object situated outside his ego, so that the phenomenon of projection is a part of the natural life of the psyche, a part of human nature itself (48n). For example, shadow contents are often projected onto others. A Christian perceive that someone who does not accept Jesus Christ as their savior to be demonic or evil; these feelings of evil or demonism that a fundamentalist perceives as belonging to others are their own feelings or emotions of evil projected from their personal shadow. For years, during the rule of the Soviet Union an d the Cold War, citizens of the United States projected their collective shadow or collective feelings of evil onto citizens of the Soviet Union. During the colonization of Africa, Europeans projected their primitive shadows onto the black Africans they encountered, assuming the Africans to be uncivilized and animal-like. The ego is oftentimes unaware that projections are occurring. The humans that the AI creatures control are also unaware that the Matrix exists. The humans physically live in a womb-like, pre-birth status but in their minds perceive reality as the Matrix. This state of existence is like the pre-individuated ego, before the birth of awareness of the Self. In the film, Neo is released from his womb with the assistance of Morpheus and his comrades. The lid of the egg opens, he raises his head, covered in thick clear liquid, and he looks around. He finds himself in an enormous grid of countless eggs occupied by humans. A series of cords pop from his spine and a long met al tip is pulled from the back of his skull. He then slides down a tube and lands in a pool of water. He nearly drowns, but is pulled up, through a trap door, dripping wet, into the Nebuchadnezzar, the underwater ship that Morpheus and his group live in. This scene is filled with images of a painful separation and re-birth that leads to a path of individuation for Neo. Jung wrote, conscious and unconscious do not make a whole when one of them is suppressed and injured by the otherBoth are aspects of lifeThis means open conflict and collaboration at oneIt is the old game of hammer and anvil: between them, the patient iron is forged into an indestructible whole, an individual'(Storr 225). In Jungs words, it individuation is a process or course of development arising out of the conflict between the two fundamental psychic facts (Storr 225). The two psychic factors he referred to were the conscious and unconscious. It is also important to note that Jung considered individuation a lifelo ng process, not a task with a definite end. Neos path of individuation passes through a painful re-birth process. It leaves him feeling alienated from his former sense of reality. Whenever a man consciously encounters a divine agency which assists, commands, or directs, we can understand it as an encounter of the ego with the Self. The encounter generally occurs in the wilderness or in a fugitive state, i.e., alienation (Edinger 70). It takes time for Neo to recover from his shock of his new understanding of the world. His thought patterns are turned inside out. His muscles and mind have atrophied. Neo is cared for and nursed back to health by Morpheus group. Even his eyes are not working properly. Neo asks, Why are my eyes so sore? The answer: Because youve never used them before (The Matrix). Hes now developing an eye toward his inner world. Once Neo physically recovers, he is trained and taught many new skills by Morpheus gang. This gang represents figures from the personal uncon scious. But there is also a group of freed humans who live deep inside the earths core in a human community named Zion. Zion is only talked about and never seen in the film. The Zion of historical times is described as symbolic of heaven or Gods dwelling-place with his people (Columbia Encyclopedia 3042). Zion is symbolic of the Self. The Self is a central organizing principle and is the central archetype of the human psyche. Edinger described the Self as the self-ordering and unifying center of the total psyche (conscious and unconscious) (3). Also, the Self is the seat of objective identity. The Self is thus the supreme psychic authority and subordinates the ego to it (3). The Self is connected with themes such as wholeness, totality, the union of opposites, the central generative point, the world navel, the axis of the universe (4). In a religious sense, the Self is the god-image. . Neo, Morpheus group, Zion, and even the AI agents are parts of the Self since the Self is the tot ality of psychic existence. Yet the central archetype of the movie is Zion. Like an archetype, it is never directly experienced, but it is the ordering principal and force behind the renegade acts of the free humans. The near final scene in the movie features a one on one battle between Neo and an AI agent. The agent shoots Neo several times. Neo slumps to the floor and dies. He has no heartbeat. Trinity, his soul figure, reveals to Neo that he must be The One because the oracle told her that she would fall in love with The One. Since she loves him, he must be The One. She kisses him. He resurrects and comes back to life. Neo rejoins the battle and his mind is freed of believing that the reality projected by the Matrix is real. He sees through the projection, sees through the imagined power of the agents, and finally destroys the Agent who had killed him. I believe that this scene is interesting for two reasons. One, it joins Trinity and Neo together, forming a four, as well as join ing the feminine and masculine. The number four symbolizes wholeness in the human psyche. Two, the scene demonstrates Jungs transcendent function. Jung discusses how the knowledge of symbols is indispensable, for it is in them that the union of conscious and unconscious is consummated. Out of this union emerge new situations and new conscious attitudes. I have therefore called the union of opposites the transcendent function' (Storr 226). Neo has battled the AI agents before but they have outwitted him. He is limited by his previous projections of them as power figures. The kiss, symbolically a transcendent function, joins him with Trinity in a union of the opposites and forming a four, wholeness. He transcends his previous limitations and is able to see the AI agents for what they are. He withdraws his projections, restores the personal power previously projected onto the agents, and finally defeats the AI agents. The final scene of the film shows Neo in a telephone booth (superman figure?). This is his message to the AI infrastructure: I know youre out there. I can feel you now. I know that youre afraid. Youre afraid of us. Youre afraid of change. I dont know the future. I didnt come here to tell you how its going to end. I came here to tell you how its going to begin. Im going to hang up this phone and show people what you dont want them to see. Im going to show them a world without you. A world without rules and controls, without borders or boundaries. A world where anything is possible. Where we go from here is a choice I leave to you (The Matrix). Neo has become an individuated ego. He negotiated a series of challenging psychic experiences to grow out of his former egocentric attitude. His statement speaks of an awareness of the ego as well as a sense of Self. He even refers to the ego field as scared and seems to be compassionate of the egos fear. But he wants to live without the rules and control of the ego. Works Cited Chernow, Barbara and Vallasi, Ge orge, eds. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 5th Ed. Columbia UP, 1993. Edinger, Edward F. Ego and Archetype. Boston: Shambhala, 1992. Jacobi, Jolande. Complex/Archetype/Symbol in the Psychology of C.G. Jung. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1974. Jung, C.G. The Essential Jung. Ed. A. Storr. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1983. . Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Vintage, 1961. The Matrix. Dir. Larry and Andy Wachowski. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne. Warner Brothers, 1999.

The Portrayal Of Men In Female Authored free essay sample

Text By Maxine Hong Kingston, And Zora Neale Hurston Essay, Research Paper The novels, Their Eyess Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, and The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston are two plants by female writers which celebrate the individualism and strength of adult females. In both instances, the characters portrayed in the novels are blunt contrasts to both the typical females and males depicted in both early and modern-day plants by many male writers. In the two pieces of literature, adult females struggle to stay steadfast in their impressions of dignity, and can go independent if the demand or chance arises. What makes this inner-strength so astonishing is that the adult females in the novels are populating in societies which characterize their full sex as simply otiose components-a impression that is compounded by the beliefs of their several African American and Chinese cultural communities. However, merely as female characters in books written by male writers are normally illustrations of suppressing and destructive forces to the independent , yet responsible male, in these two books written by female writers, the work forces are conversely portrayed as the constraining, if non catastrophic forces for the female. We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal Of Men In Female Authored or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Their Eyess Were Watching God three work forces try to restrain and finally destroy Janie through both their actions and the infliction of their male chauvinist, yet socially-accepted positions. However, Hurston # 8217 ; s alone portraiture of this independent black adult female will non let her to yield to their prohibitory force per unit area. Janie # 8217 ; s first hubby, Logan is the typically idealised mate of most male- , and even some female-created literature. He is the protagonist of the household and with him Janie will desire for nil, including a life of her ain. Logan expects a married woman who will love, award, and obey. Without to the full cognizing her or what she can offer, he expects her to appreciate him for carry throughing what he saw as his responsibility # 8220 ; tuh work and feed yah # 8221 ; ( 29 ) . While this oft excepted impression of a # 8216 ; good adult male # 8217 ; -and a adult female whose merely # 8220 ; topographic point # 8221 ; is # 8 220 ; wherever Ah need yuh # 8221 ; ( 30 ) -is characteristic of male-written literature, it has rather a different turn in Hurston # 8217 ; s book. Alternatively of Janie giving in to his suppressive ideals, she rather easy leaves him for another whom she believes to be less constricting and more willing to seek new things, and possesses what she believes is a new position. Possibly the most lurid contrast of Hurston # 8217 ; s portraiture of the one time typical and idealised provider-husband to that of other authors is Logan # 8217 ; s evident deficiency of strength. While Logan # 8217 ; s character, if written by a male, might hold said and done the same things as Hurtson # 8217 ; s Logan, his fright of losing Janie, symbolized in his half-sob/half-cry disapprobation of her ( 30 ) shows that all of the relationship # 8217 ; s power did non lie with him, as male authors might hold us believe. Alternatively, much like Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s Henchard in The Mayor of Caster bridge believed that he could make much better without the hinderance of a married woman and kid, so did Hurston # 8217 ; s Janie believe that she could make better without her # 8216 ; perfect # 8217 ; hubby to restrain her. In both instances, one with a male supporter written by a male, and the other with a female supporter and female author, the chief character proved to be right in their premise. Janie # 8217 ; s 2nd hubby Jody turned out to be out of the blue much like the first, but even more suppressive in some ways. While Logan chiefly wanted Janie to plight to him her deathless gratitude for his proposal, Jody expected Janie # 8217 ; s grasp in add-on to her conformance to a position quo that was set by Jody himself. As city manager of the town in which they resided, Jody required that his married woman maintain a certain high quality and withdrawal from the general residence. This edict, combined with certain criterions for her day-to-day visual aspect, sufficiently alienated Janie from the general populace, and attempted to farther smother her as an person. Although Janie herself believed that her old ages with Jody had caused all the battle to be # 8220 ; gone from her psyche # 8221 ; ( 72 ) one time he was gone, her ain personality and desires rapidly resurfaced. Jody, merely like Logan, was the traditional # 8216 ; good adult male # 8217 ; . He saw that Janie was taken attention of, and even took away her demand to show herself in day-to-day interactions by ordering her needed actions. He allowed Janie to populate the perfect life her grandma had envisioned for her-to get # 8220 ; up on uh high chair and sit dere # 8221 ; ( 109 ) . This was the life that society believes most adult females merely dream approximately. This superficial end mirrors Charles Perrault and his Sleeping Beauty who wishes one twenty-four hours for her prince to come. While this impression that a adult male is necessary to finish a adult female, Hurston, portrays Jody, merely like Logan to be a confining influence on Janie. The extent of her freedom and felicity after Jody is no longer able to command her, is apparent through her actions instantly following his decease. She took down her hair, and gazed at the adult female she had become-finally free of male influences in her life to order her actions and her desires. Once once more, this adult male that would t raditionally be a symbol of strength and success was brought down by Hurtson # 8217 ; s portraiture of his minutes of failing. Because Janie absorbed all of Jody # 8217 ; s mental and physical blows and went on with her life while Jody # 8217 ; s wellness declined after Janie # 8217 ; s one onslaught on his manhood, Hurston successfully paints Janie as the stronger individual. Through Janie # 8217 ; s foremost two hubbies, the contrast in the image of the traditional, strong male supplier to their existent failings and dependance on Janie for her support greatly contradicts the more positive male icon in plants by male writers. Janie # 8217 ; s concluding hubby, Tea Cake, proves to be really different from the first two and a much more positive influence on Janie, but however, has the possible to be the most destructive force in her life. Tea Cake grants her freedom to prosecute all of the recreational activities that life with Jody prohibited, such as fishing and hunting. Because Tea Cake grants her the freedom to make what she wishes and does non demand her grasp in return, Janie feels as though she has eventually had the opportunity to happen # 8220 ; out about livin # 8217 ; fuh [ herself ] # 8221 ; ( 183 ) . What Hurston, through Janie # 8217 ; s penchants, portrays as the ideal adult male is antithetical to that created by the society both in her novel and in existent life. While Tea Cake does non suit society # 8217 ; s impression of a # 8216 ; good adult male # 8217 ; or the cast set Forth by earlier authors because he can non supply for a adult female every bit readily as Jody and Logan, he still remains the strongest of her three hubbies. While he admits to Janie that he believes she is a adult female fantastic plenty to # 8220 ; do uh adult male forgit tuh git old and forgit tuh dice # 8221 ; ( 132 ) , her disapproval of one thing or another does non do him to interrupt into cryings or allow his organic structure succumb to a disease. Although while he is alive, Tea Cake appears to back up her more than hinder her growing as a individual, at least in the eyes of Janie, his effort to kill her is another representation by Hurston of the destructive influence of even the apparently best of work forces. Because Janie was able to protect herself, and unluckily was forced to kill him as a consequence, the writer showed one time once more that adult females are able to last on their ain, and should non necessitate to give of themselves merely to pacify their male opposite number. All throughout Their Eyess Were Watching God, Janie, and all of her hubbies seem to withstand the traditional functions set for them-the work forces, strong yet inhibited by a married woman who needs changeless protection and support, and the adult female, content with a faithful adult male who sees that all of her secular demands are met. While this portraiture of work forces contrasts greatly with that in earlier books by male writers, it has unluckily become the paradigm of most males in positively female-centered plants. Although representative of society at the clip of the writer, and even slightly representative of the present twenty-four hours, work forces in female-written plants appear to acquire as unfavourable word pictures as most adult females in plants written by work forces. In Maxine Hong Kingston # 8217 ; s The Woman Warrior, the demanding and tyrannizing male characters are merely every bit prevailing as in Hurston # 8217 ; s piece, as are adult females characters who break the casts set for them in a assortment of state of affairss. In her novel, the male characters invariably undermine the worth of the adult females, but the adult females must make up ones mind either to accept and internalise their belittlement, or withstand their preset criterions and excel. While the adult females portrayed vary from a self-destructive colza victim to a war hero, the work forces in each of the narratives remain the most influential factor in the adult females # 8217 ; s lives. The No Name Woman # 8217 ; s determination to perpetrate self-destruction, for illustration, is the direct consequence of the mistreatment and expatriate by the community, precipitated by the original male culprit who did non value the life or felicity of the adult female he violated. M u Lan, is an illustration of a adult female who, out of filial love, chose to be strong and lead to victory work forces who would kill her if they discovered that she was non one of them. In Kingston # 8217 ; s novel, the attitudes of the work forces involved were much more rough than those of Hurtson # 8217 ; s adversaries. Although they are portrayed in really different ways, the constraining and destructive forces that work forces exert on adult females are merely every bit obvious in The Woman Warrior as Their Eyes Were Watching God. In both novels, the reader learns the most about male characters through their interactions with the females-characters whose inmost thoughts we are allowed to read. Because of this narrow position of work forces in the two plants, we are more likely to comprehend the work forces every bit unfavourably as do the female characters who feel victimized by their suppressive intervention. While the perceptual experience of the work forces through this nonreversible position may be every bit accurate as any that we would make as a consequence of more in-depth exposure, we must maintain in head that in many ways the portraiture of work forces in books by female writers is really similar to that of adult females in books written by work forces. In both instances one gender is portrayed as an noticeable force hindering some facet of the other # 8217 ; s personal development, economic success, or felicity in general. In Hurston and Kingston # 8217 ; s novels, work forces are portrayed as a more negative than positive force on the females they interact with, nevertheless, their intervention of the adult females and attitudes toward them however help the adult females define themselves. In the two plants, this definition seems to come approximately in two ways-either through conforming to the male # 8217 ; s positions and thereby going a merchandise of their sentiments, or through the rebellion against a negative stereotype in which the adult female can go the antithesis of the original male position. In Kingston # 8217 ; s novel, the strong male forces at work on the different adult females through the episodes of the # 8220 ; No Name Woman # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Shaman # 8221 ; , and even # 8220 ; White Tigers # 8221 ; and the storyteller # 8217 ; s ain life serve chiefly to do the adult females to value themselves more as a retainer to the work forces they encounter than as a valuable ani mal themselves. In Hurston # 8217 ; s novel, Janie finds herself continually withstanding the predetermined criterion for her life and gets closest to # 8216 ; happening herself # 8217 ; when she is with a less-domineering, and therefore less-traditional male figure. While the drastically differing cultural contexts contribute to the differences in the adult females # 8217 ; s reactions, the function of the male as an highly influential factor seems to epitomize the engagement of males in both books, every bit good as others by female authors. Through the portraiture of male characters in The Woman Warrior and Their Eyes Were Watching God the writers open a new position on the function of males in the lives of adult females. The typical word picture of work forces in novels related to adult females is that of the strong, nurturing supplier, who is non without mistake, but nevertheless towers above his female opposite numbers for his independency and willingness to back up the adult females in his life. The plants by these two female writers challenge this idealised perceptual experience. Hurston attacks the undermining of female efficaciousness as invalid and unneeded, while Kingston portrays adult females and misss who could be strong in themselves, but however adhere to the unyielding and unsafe counsel of world. Although both writers shine a well more negative visible radiation on the influence of males in the lives of adult females, they do win in opening the door for a more critical, and possibly even more accurate re presentation of males in modern-day literature.

Understanding child and young person development from birth to 19 years free essay sample

More co-ordinated; running, hopping, kicking a ball, using larger equipment. More control over fine motor skills: writing, using a cup, drawing and cutting. Continuing to grow, Develop and refine skills. Start to have hobbies; sport, dance, acting etc. Able to make controlled fine movements; drawing, sewing, playing an instrument, drawing. Girls may start early signs of puberty from 10 yrs onwards. Boys; puberty normally begins later on. Growing stronger. Boys start puberty and many girls will have regular periods. Variance in height/ strength. On average most boys are taller than most girls at the end of this stage. Become adults, girls may have reached physical maturity; boys will continue to grow and change until their mid 20s. 2. INTELLECTUAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: Depends greatly on extent of their own experiences and opportunities they are given from the earliest stages. Children learn in a variety of ways and will some particular tasks easier than others due to their own abilities and strengths. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding child and young person development from birth to 19 years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some theories of cognitive development, which are important to bear in mind which thinking about stages of learning include: †¢Albert Bandura: ‘Social learning theory’; he believed children watch others, in particular adults and role models, and copy what they do – positive and negative behaviour. †¢Jean Piaget: children pass through different stages of learning; he believed the way children think and learn is governed by their age and stage of development, because learning is based on experience. As children’s experiences change, they adapt what they believe. Children need ot extend their experiences in order to extend their leaning. AGESTAGE OF LEARNINGCHARACTERISTICS 0 -2 yrs Sensory motor stagestart to find out about the world around them; discover what things around them can do 2 – 6 yrs . Pre-operational stageStart to develop thought processes and use symbolic play. Find it easier to learn when they can see and use practical examples 6 – 11 yrs Concrete operations stageAble to think on more abstract level. Can use more abstract concepts. 12 YRS +Formal operationsAble to apply what they have learned to new situations. †¢B.F Skinner: ‘Positive reinforcement’; he believed children learn best through positive experiences. We will repeat experiences that are enjoyable and avoid those that are not. †¢Lev Vygotsky: ‘Zone of Proximal Development’; he believed that children need adults to support them in their learning in order to extend their learning†¦He said; children cannot learn as m uch without adults and others helping them. 0 – 3 YRS3 – 7 YRS 7 – 11 YRS12 – 16 YRS16 – 19 YRS Babies: start to look at the world around them, enjoy repetitive activities in which they can predict the outcome. Start to understand that objects are still there even when hidden, learn to recognise different items, can point to them. May start to recognise colours. Numeracy, reading and writing skills start to develop. Continue to learn about their world. Still look for adult approval. Becoming fluent in reading and writing skills. Developing their own thoughts and preferences, ideas about activities they enjoy, able to transfer information and think in a more abstract way. Begin to recognise their favourite activities and subjects; normally motivated in them. May lack confidence or avoid when doing less popular subjects. Selecting GCSEs. Need to feel good about themselves and want to belong. Thinking about career/university choices based on their chosen subjects. Able to focus on areas of strength; look forward to continuing to develop these as they move on. 3. COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: 0 – 3 YRS3 – 7 YRS 7 – 12 YRS12 – 19 YRS Babies enjoy listening and interaction with those around them communication, songs and games. Most try to speak at approx 12 months. If neglected as babies and not spent time with adults, they find it difficult to learn effective communication skills. 1-2 yrs: start to put words together, vocabulary increases, by 2 yrs most have approx 200 words. 2 – 3 yrs: start to use negatives and plurals in speech, vocabulary increases rapidly but they still make grammatical errors. Become more social and have wider experiences. Ask lots of questions, use increasing number of familiar phrases and expressions, more able to talk in past and future tenses. Most children will be fluent speakers and will continue to refine and develop reading and writing skills, able to think about and communicate the ideas. Continue to develop language, reading, writing, Communications skills. 4. SOCIAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND MORAL: How children and young people feel about themselves and relate to others. Need to learn how to have confidence. Become independent of adults as they grow older and begin to make their way in the world. 0 – 3 YRS3 – 7 YRS7 – 12 YRS12 – 16 YEARS16 – 19 YRS Start to find out about own identities. Need to form strong attachment; with parent, carers or nursery ‘key worker’. Frustration tantrums may begin. Will start to want/need to be doing for themselves. Continue to develop their identities, start playing with peers, use imaginative play/role-play. Need to understand the importance of boundaries and respond well to responsibilities e. g. class helpers. Adult approval is needed. Friendships become increasingly settled, with groups of friends. Need/enjoy the chance to solve problems and do activities independently. Increasingly aware of what others may think of them. Continue to need encouragement and praise. Self-esteem may be vulnerable. Bodies take on signs of adulthood. Want adult independence; still require some advice. Spend more time with friends of own age. Can continue to display childish behaviour. May feel pressure to grow up and higher expectations. May be unsure how to behave in different situations. Entering adulthood, may still need adult advice /guidance. Varied experience, emotional maturity and methods of social interaction. BEST PRACTICE CHECKLIST FOR SUPPORTING SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT: †¢Be approachable/give your full attention. †¢Fair and firm boundaries with explanations. †¢Ensure they feel valued; give praise and encouragement. †¢Give chance to develop independence. †¢Be aware of each child’s overall development. †¢Be sensitive to their needs. †¢Encouragement to think about the needs of others. †¢Be a good role model. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT: While children usually follow the same Pattern of development; the ages at which they reach each milestone will vary as all children are unique: RATE OF DEVELOPMENT: usual time frame in which development occurs. SQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT: usual order in which development occurs.

Hemingway essays

Hemingway essays On the date of July 21, 1899 Ernest Hemingway, a now known brilliant writer, was born. Hemingway was conceivably the only writer to achieve the combination of international celebrity and literary stature in the twentieth century. Hemingway was brought up in the village of Oak Park, Illinois, close to the prairies and woods west of Chicago. Both here and in Michigan, he could explore, camp, fish and hunt with his father, Dr. Clarence Hemingway. In Chicago he would attend concerts, operas and visit art museums with his mother, a musician and an artist. Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School, where he was an active writer. He wrote articles, poems and stories for the schools publications largely based on his own experiences. The year Hemingway graduated he quickly secured a job with the Kansas City Star. There he received a writing style sheet that instructed: Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. (Parshall 1). These were rules he never forgot to incorporate into his works to get to the heart of a story. The following year he entered World War I as a volunteer with American Red Cross ambulance unit as a driver. There he was wounded near the Italian/Austrian front. Hospitalized, he fell in love with his nurse, who later called off their relationship. After World War I, Hemingway returned to northern Michigan to read, write, fish, and later to work for the Toronto Star in Canada. In 1921 married his first wife and moved to Paris. In Paris he continued to write for the Toronto Star as a foreign During his stay in Europe through the 1920s, Ernest was influenced by eccentric writers like Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound their literary compression. Hemingways use of these methods in short stories and novels that captured the attention of critics and the In the 1930s, he turned to writing for cause...

Discuss the challenges of implementing sustainable solutions to the Essay

Discuss the challenges of implementing sustainable solutions to the global - Essay Example â€Å"The key challenges of water management can only be understood within the context of water’s role in the world today† (WWDR 2, 2006: 1). Various factors play a part: the impact of extreme climates as witnessed in floods and drought conditions; many of the socio-economic systems in the world connecting at a rapidly growing rate; poverty, warfare, diseases such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) afflicting many of the world’s populations; and the prevalence of increasingly crowded urban conditions. The world’s water managers have to monitor equitably and with more refined techniques, the increasingly scarce freshwater resource. At the same time, they have to face the complexities and pressures of the rapidly changing conditions and deterioration of available resources. In November, 2002, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), created a milestone in the history of human rights by recognizing water as a fundamental human right. The one hundred and forty five countries which have approved the International CESCR will now be required to progressively ensure that there is access to safe and sufficient drinking water, without any form of discrimination among people (WWDR 1, 2003). The world’s socio-economic development including poverty alleviation, demographic and technological change, globalization, trade, warfare and security; as well as climate variability are each mutually interdependent with freshwater resources (UNESCO, 2006). The natural cycle of water around the earth is the hydrological cycle. All water on earth is constantly recycled, repurified, and reused. The three main impacts that humans have on the hydrological cycle are: withdrawing freshwater for domestic, industrial or agricultural purposes, polluting the water while using it, and returning the used water into the hydrological cycle for purification through further stages till it is again available for use (Wright & Nebel, 2005:

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants Essay - 1

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example They enjoyed movement, freedom and fun, but as soon as the lady is pregnant, the man can not stand the fact that now he must settle down like the stable hills. The Bamboo Bead Curtain is another symbol. It makes us think about boundaries or borders. The apparent divide between Jig and the man is their difference of opinion. Jig wants to keep the baby while the man is not ready for fatherhood, especially because they don’t seem to have been married at the moment. The pregnancy itself is a curtain that precludes communication between the two. At the end of the story the ‘curtain’ of difference turns to be an unbreakable wall. The frequent orders for beer and the beer itself also represent the use of a substance to obstruct smooth communication. Instead of discussing the important issue that has come up, they keep on asking for beer just to obstruct the communication between them. The beer also represents an element to quench their thirst for unanswered questions: These questions never seem to be satisfactorily answered and Jig is extremely thirsty for the answer. And in the event that they have no answer, the beer seems to act as a quenching element although liquid is not exactly her craving. These symbols make us involve intellectually into the story for, it is often difficult to understand them. Once we understand what those symbols represent, they also involve us emotionally into the story especially while sympathizing with

Teen suicides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teen suicides - Essay Example He was a homosexual and his private video with his gay companion was posted on the internet by his colleagues. Clementi did not find any other option suitable and opted for suicide by jumping off the bridge. His suicide was an example of cyberspace bullying and was a tragic happening which laid a great impact (Schwartz 2011). Phoebe Prince was a 15 year old girl who was also new in her school. She was the target of many bullies who used to call her with names and she was physically harassed as well. The internet and the social networking websites were also utilized to bully her. She also committed suicide when she could not handle the pressure and the bullying (Eckholm and Zezima 2010). These untoward incidents are clearly indicative of the fact that bullying has become a major problem in today’s world where it can lead to the deaths of teenagers who are victims of this crime. The involvement of social networking also has a major role to play as can be seen in the two cases. T he death of Tylor Clementi was mainly due to cyber bullying. The improper utilization of social networking websites combined with the inappropriate action taken against the cases of bullying has led to the incidence of teen suicides. Works Cited Schwartz, John. â€Å"Bullying, Suicide, Punishment.† The New York Times. 2 Oct. 2010. Web 4th March 2011.

Brief Description Of The Economy Of Finland Economics Essay

Brief Description Of The Economy Of Finland Economics Essay Finland is highly developed industrialized country with a mixed economy with per capita of 50000$ which is nearly the same as Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Finland was not one of the developed countries until 1990s as they have lack of resources. They had Central Planned Economy as the other socialist countries. In 1950s half of the population had been working for the primary productions and Finland was relatively poor country compared to their neighbors, but in the 1970s, there was an industrial boom led by government in Finland and strengthened its competitiveness. In 1980s, Finnish government deregulated financial market and opened it to the foreign capital; therefore lots of foreign capital flowed to the firms and households. As a result, investment and consumption increased rapidly and the prices of assets got expensive. At the beginning of 1990s, Finland had suffered a serious economic risk as the collapse of Soviet Union and the economic recession in Western E urope and America. Finnish financial authorities tried to fix the exchange rate and therefore the exports decreased dramatically. Finland faced financial crisis caused by debts, and reduction of exports until 1993 and started to recover in 1994. In the course of recession, the government has proceeded restructuring its economic system. The Finnish government focused on export promotion in ICT industries by investing more in Research Development and education. Finland made dramatic changes in social and economical sectors and became one of the most competitive developed countries in the world. In the short period of time Finland has been transformed to the knowledge based economy with very high performance in the high-tech industries. Finland is a country of forest and lake. 86% of the countrys area is covered with forest and so in the past the forestry played a major role in the Finnish economy. Because of climate, the agricultural development is limited and it takes only 1/12 of the GDP. Now Finland has developed a modern, competitive economy. Export has a big impact on Finnish economy. Main exports are timber, pulp, glass ware, ceramics, stainless steel, engineering products and telecom equipments. Finland has a strong competitiveness in manufacturing the wood, metal, engineering, telecommunication, and electronics. Finland is famous for its high-tech exports such as mobile phones. The Finnish company Nokia which has 40% of market shares of mobile phone is well known all over the world. As Finland has lack of natural resources the biggest sector of the economy is services at 66%, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. With respect to foreign trade, the key sector is manufacturing. Industries like electronics (22%), machinery, vehicles and other engineered metal products (21.1%), forestry (13%) and chemicals (11%) takes the major parts in the economy. Finland has wood and several mineral and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and agricultural sectors are very important for rural population because they provide most of the jobs for rural residents. The Finnish government is paying attentions on these sectors because they are very important for controlling unemployment rates. Finland is highly integrated in the global economy, and international trade takes a third of countrys GDP. The European Union makes 60% of the total trade. The major flows of trade are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands and China. As Finland has been among the free trade supporters, The European Union manages the trade policy. Finland has joined European Union in 1995 and in 2002 it became the only Nordic country to adopt Euro as its national currency instead of Finnish Mark. Employment rate in Finland was 68% and unemployment rate was 6.8% in early 2008. 18% of residents are outside job market at the age of 50 and less a third working at the age of 61. Impact of Fiscal policy and Monetary Policy on the economy There are some underlying economic factors that affect the major market trend. Factors like GDP growth rates, tax, interest rate, unemployment or threat of inflation, economic trends are the major determinants of what happens to the companies and their stock prices. Fiscal policy and monetary policy have widespread effects on the decisions and behavior of businesses and individual. Fiscal policy How the government gets the revenue, how to spend for the expenditure, how to deal with the national or public debt and how to budget are determined by the fiscal policy of the government. Fiscal policy consists of taxation, fees and fines, borrowings, government expenses on the expenditure and budgeting which affects directly to the national economy. Taxation plays major role in fiscal policy because most of the governments in the world get their revenue from taxes. Tax is a sum of money that individuals and organizations have to pay to the government at a specified rate which is imposed by government. There are two types of taxes which are direct tax and indirect tax. A direct tax is a tax that are imposed and collected on a specific group of people or organizations. For example, income tax would be a direct tax which is collected from the people who actually earn their income. On the other hand, indirect taxes are collected by intermediaries such as retailers from the consumers who actually take the economic burden. Sales tax is an indirect tax and merchants collect it from the customers and merchants actually dont take any burden. The rising in direct tax reduces the post-tax income of general public. This could motivate individuals to work more hours to maintain their target income that can lead more productivity. But on the other hand, individuals could be de-motivated since their income has reduced. The government has to introduce a low level of direct taxes like income taxes for lower income earners in order to motivate people to work extra hours and keep more what theyve earned. Changes to tax system can reduce the risk of unemployment and therefore increase the total GDP growth rate. For example, when the income tax is high, the households with low income are not trying to work extra hours as their net income is very low after the tax. If the income tax rate got lower, they can be motivated to work which increase the labor supply. The changes to indirect taxes have a strong impact on the demand of general public for goods and services. Rising tariffs on foreign cars can reduce the demand for foreign cars and helps to protect and develop the national car manufacturing industry. In Finland theyve imposed relatively high tariffs on some foods from abroad, in order to maintain stability of their agriculture. In contrast, government financial assistance (subsidy) has impact on reducing their costs of production, lowering the market price and helping to increase the demands. Tax changes can have a role on motivation of work forces and their overall efficiency and productivity. Reducing the rates of cooperation taxes and other business taxes can encourage the capital investments in the businesses. If the investment increases, the national capital stock can rise and the capital stock for the individuals can also rise. The government can also use some tax allowances to encourage more start-up businesses and increase and developments in RD. With the low rate of cooperation taxes and other business taxes can lead more inflows of foreign investment which might benefit both public demand and supply. Fiscal policy has been used as a tool of demand management for a long time by many governments in the world. The decisions of changing the fiscal policy must be made deliberately as it has a great impact on the general economy. The fiscal stance is a term that is used to describe whether fiscal policy is being used to actively expand demand and output in the economy or otherwise to take demand out of the circular flow. A  neutral fiscal stance  might be shown if the government runs with a balanced budget where government spending is equal to tax revenues. Adjusting for where the economy is in the economic cycle, a neutral fiscal stance means that policy has no impact on the level of economic activity. A  reflationary fiscal stance  happens when the government is running a large deficit budget. Loosening the fiscal stance means the government borrows money to inject funds into the economy so as to increase the level of aggregate demand and economic activity. A  deflationary fiscal stance  happens when the government runs a budget surplus. The government is injecting fewer funds into the economy than it is withdrawing through taxes. The level of aggregate demand and economic activity falls. The level of government borrowing is an important part of  fiscal policy  and management of aggregate demand in any economy.  When the government is running a  budget deficit, it means that in a given year, total government expenditure exceeds total tax revenue. As a result, the government has to borrow through the issue of debt such as Treasury Bills and long-term government Bonds.  The issue of debt is done by the central bank and involves selling debt to the bond and bill markets. Continuous running of large budget deficit can be a problem for government and the economy. The budget deficit can be financed by issuing of new government debt to investors from home and abroad. But if the budget deficit rises to a high level, the government might have to offer higher interest rates to attract buyers of the debt which will affect the general economy negatively. In the long term, government borrowings become a heavy burden as the government has to spend more each year in interest payment for the debts to the holders of government bonds and other securities. Therefore the government has to introduce a high rate of taxes which can hinder or decrease the growth rate of GDP, consumption and investment spending. This has happened in Finland in the 1990s which was the financial crisis caused by massive national debt. Fiscal policy should not be isolated from monetary policy. Monetary policy is made and developed by central bank of the nation to control supply of money within the economy. Monetary policy affects all the sectors of the economy but in different ways and with a variable impact on it. Monetary policy plays a very important role in controlling inflation, interest rate, exchange rate and money supply which has great impact on overall economy. Lower interest rates will lead to an increase in both consumer and business capital spending which increases equilibrium national income and also the growth rate of GDP. In the contrast, high interest rates will decrease the capital spending of both consumer and business which will definitely reduce the productivity and buying power. But raising interest rate can be used effectively used to control the inflation when it is caused by the bank credit. When the economy is in a recession, fiscal policy may be more effective in increasing spending and income by stimulating demands. But when there is inflation problem, it can be easier to control it by introducing monetary policies such as controlling interest rate, cash reserve ratio and open market operations. http://www.jftc.go.jp/eacpf/04/singapore_p.pdf http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6056.pdf http://www.cuts-international.org/pdf/CCIER-2-2008.pdf http://www.isnie.org/ISNIE06/Papers06/09.3/voigt.pdf q1 http://economydetail.blogspot.com/2010/01/allocation-of-resources-in-economics.html     http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecomaa/Lecture2.pdf http://economicsworlds.blogspot.com/2010/02/resources-allocation.htm

Coke Burn India

Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Current Market Scenario Current Market Scenario Industry Highlights Coke Burn Industry Highlights Coke Burn Distribution Red Bull faces legal battle with their largest distributor – RNG group after snapping decade old ties. RNG used to control 90% of Red Bull’s distribution with close to 19,000 outlets Selective distribution only in 3 metros (Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore) Distribution Red Bull faces legal battle with their largest distributor – RNG group after snapping decade old ties.RNG used to control 90% of Red Bull’s distribution with close to 19,000 outlets Selective distribution only in 3 metros (Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore) Manufacturing Key market players import their product from South East Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand etc. First and only multinational company to receive local manufacturing nod for energy drinks Manufacturing Key market players import their product from South East Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand etc. First and only multinational company to receive local manufacturing nod for energy drinks Market ShareDominated by Red Bull with 71. 3% market share Depleting market share currently stands at 2. 6% of the energy drinks market Market Share Dominated by Red Bull with 71. 3% market share Depleting market share currently stands at 2. 6% of the energy drinks market Market Size Rs. 1894 million (off trade) with a CAGR of 55. 7% Rs. 49 million (off trade) Market Size Rs. 1894 million (off trade) with a CAGR of 55. 7% Rs. 49 million (off trade) To increase off trade sales from Rs. 49 million currently to Rs. 299 million in a year Mission To increase the overall market share from the current 2. % to 10% in a year To increase brand awareness, consumer loyalty and satisfaction Strengthening Burn’s social media and overall online visibility To increase off trade sales from Rs. 49 million currently to Rs. 2 99 million in a year Mission To increase the overall market share from the current 2. 6% to 10% in a year To increase brand awareness, consumer loyalty and satisfaction Strengthening Burn’s social media and overall online visibility Communication Objectives Awareness Create brand awareness and visibility by crafting distinct brand imagery ConsiderationEducate consumers and bring Burn in their consideration set on par with Red Bull Conversation Induce more effective trials by engaging consumers through on ground activation Loyalty Implement loyalty and rewards programs ensuring consumer retention Communication Objectives Awareness Create brand awareness and visibility by crafting distinct brand imagery Consideration Educate consumers and bring Burn in their consideration set on par with Red Bull Conversation Induce more effective trials by engaging consumers through on ground activation Loyalty Implement loyalty and rewards programs ensuring consumer retentionCompetitor Analys is Competitor Analysis Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Product Price Place Promotion Red Bull original Rs. 95 for 250ml Pack of 4 for Rs. 359 Gyms, Cafe’s, Barista, Costa Coffee, Bars and Retail Outlets * Formula 1 racing * Soap Box Race * Student brand ambassador * Television Ads * Rejuve * Nicofix * Minus Rs. 95 for 250ml CCDs, bars, retail outlets. * Shah Rukh Khan brand ambassador * Print Advertising * Sunburn music festival * Premium * Wildberry * Pomegranate * Red grapes * * Regular * Sugar free Cola Rs. 85/90 for 250ml Rs. 50 for 180ml Rs. 95 for 250ml Gyms, retail outlets Pubs, discos, night clubs * Shilpa Shetty brand ambassador * Energy Drink partner of CSK * College events * Certain cultural and music festivals Proposition Get High on Energy Gives you Wings Free your Energy Get high every time you drink Product Price Place Promotion Red Bull original Rs. 95 for 250ml Pack of 4 for Rs. 359 Gyms, Cafe†™s, Barista, Costa Coffee, Bars and Retail Outlets * Formula 1 racing * Soap Box Race * Student brand ambassador * Television Ads * Rejuve * Nicofix * Minus Rs. 5 for 250ml CCDs, bars, retail outlets. * Shah Rukh Khan brand ambassador * Print Advertising * Sunburn music festival * Premium * Wildberry * Pomegranate * Red grapes * * Regular * Sugar free * Cola Rs. 85/90 for 250ml Rs. 50 for 180ml Rs. 95 for 250ml Gyms, retail outlets Pubs, discos, night clubs * Shilpa Shetty brand ambassador * Energy Drink partner of CSK * College events * Certain cultural and music festivals Proposition Get High on Energy Gives you Wings Free your Energy Get high every time you drink Consumer needs and GAP analysis Consumer needs and GAP analysisThrough our research we inferred that a lack of awareness and availability were the two key deterrents for purchase of Burn Through our research we inferred that a lack of awareness and availability were the two key deterrents for purchase of Burn Values Co nsequences Attributes Price and Packaging Exclusivity Status and Self esteem Study more + better grades Rewards and Promotions High Performance Work longer, harder + more concentration Soft Drink, No alcohol Substitute for alcohol Belongingness Socializing drink at parties Caffeine, Taurine Energy + Stay awake Values Consequences Attributes Price and PackagingExclusivity Status and Self esteem Study more + better grades Rewards and Promotions High Performance Work longer, harder + more concentration Soft Drink, No alcohol Substitute for alcohol Belongingness Socializing drink at parties Caffeine, Taurine Energy + Stay awake Consumer Characteristics Consumer Characteristics Consumer behavior analysis Consumer behavior analysis Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Rohan Vyavaharkar – National Communications Head – RedBull India Ltd Pinakiranjan Mishra, National Leader, Consumer Products, Ernst & Young The biggest c hallenge for energy drinks is to establish product efficacy and reiterate their core benefits as consumers are wary of these products due to high caffeine content† Ajay Chandwani, Director, Percept Ltd â€Å"We are open to introducing Coke Burn shots in India if there is a strong case for it. We are also looking at ramping up distribution in other cities† Kamlesh Sharma, GM, Public Affairs & Communication, Coca Cola India â€Å"RedBull has consciously adopted a strategy of steering away from conventional media and chose to associate itself with extreme sports and youth centric activities to create a buzz in the market.The sales of energy drinks is as much a function of distribution as it is of marketing† â€Å"High price is biggest barrier for this segment. Consumers would include burn in their consideration set if a smaller SKU at a lower price is made available in the market† Rohan Vyavaharkar – National Communications Head – RedBull India Ltd Pinakiranjan Mishra, National Leader, Consumer Products, Ernst & Young â€Å"The biggest challenge for energy drinks is to establish product efficacy and reiterate their core benefits as consumers are wary of these products due to high caffeine content†Ajay Chandwani, Director, Percept Ltd â€Å"We are open to introducing Coke Burn shots in India if there is a strong case for it. We are also looking at ramping up distribution in other cities† Kamlesh Sharma, GM, Public Affairs & Communication, Coca Cola India â€Å"RedBull has consciously adopted a strategy of steering away from conventional media and chose to associate itself with extreme sports and youth centric activities to create a buzz in the market. The sales of energy drinks is as much a function of distribution as it is of marketing† â€Å"High price is biggest barrier for this segment.Consumers would include burn in their consideration set if a smaller SKU at a lower price is made available in the market† However, more than half of our respondents felt that high price and high caffeine is deterrent while purchasing energy drinks. However, more than half of our respondents felt that high price and high caffeine is deterrent while purchasing energy drinks. Majority consumption happens at parties and pubs. Also a sizable chunk of consumption happens at home Majority consumption happens at parties and pubs. Also a sizable chunk of consumption happens at home Consumer InsightsConsumer Insights Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement According to our research, majority consumption is driven by college students to stay awake during exams. It is also used as a socializing and energizing drink. According to our research, majority consumption is driven by college students to stay awake during exams. It is also used as a socializing and energizing drink. To get a perspective on consumer insights we conducted a primary research with 40 consumers of energy drinks with diverse cultural and professional backgrounds.To get a perspective on consumer insights we conducted a primary research with 40 consumers of energy drinks with diverse cultural and professional backgrounds. Expert insights through in-depth interviews Expert insights through in-depth interviews Retailer insights Retailer insights Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement FCB matrix FCB matrix Brand Identity Prism Brand Identity Prism Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media MoneyMeasurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Key recommendations and take-aways 50ml shots Introduce 50ml Burn Energy shot priced at Rs. 40 to induce trial 0% caffeine Introduce a healthy diet/caffeine free variant of Burn Ramping up distribution Capitalizing on the RedBull – RNG rift as well as developing strategic distribution partnerships New engagement platforms Promotion at college and music festivals and events as well as effective usage on online platforms Key recommendations and take-aways 50ml shots Introduce 50ml Burn Energy shot priced at Rs. 0 to induce trial 0% caffeine Introduce a healthy diet/caffeine free variant of Burn Ramping up distribution Capitalizing on the RedBull – RNG rift as well as developing strategic distribution partnerships New engagement platforms Promotion at college and music festivals and events as well as effective usage on online platforms Through research we learnt that sales of energy drinks are a function of marketing as well as distribution. Hence, we recommend Burn to ramp up its distribution in more number of cities to supplement our marketing campaign.At retail outlets we recommend distributing collaterals that contain #Burn365, Turbocharge Your Passion contest details which will help us to engage with a wider audience Through research we lear nt that sales of energy drinks are a function of marketing as well as distribution. Hence, we recommend Burn to ramp up its distribution in more number of cities to supplement our marketing campaign. At retail outlets we recommend distributing collaterals that contain #Burn365, Turbocharge Your Passion contest details which will help us to engage with a wider audience Communication Channels Communication ChannelsMission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Experiential Marketing Experiential Marketing The key is not to advertise but to engage. Not to broadcast messages but to have a dialogue To associate Coke Burn as a drink that supports youngsters to pursue their passion and interests The key is not to advertise but to engage. Not to broadcast messages but to have a dialogue To associate Coke Burn as a drink that supports youngsters to pursue their passion and interests Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market M essage Media Money MeasurementBurn’s India website(www. burn. in) * With the absence of an India specific website we believe that the newly developed www. burn. in will be a perfect online platform to communicate Burn’s products and fresh marketing initiatives such as â€Å"Wings on Fire†, â€Å"#Burn365† and â€Å"Burntender – Twist and Burn†. * It will be integrated with Burn’s social media accounts and will display information about Burn’s upcoming consumer engagement projects and initiatives. * This website will be directly linked to Coke’s global and national webpage and we target close to 450 unique visits per day post its inceptionTargets Number of unique hits per day Number of linked websites Average time on site Bounce rate 15% 1. 5 minutes 45 450 Burn’s India website(www. burn. in) * With the absence of an India specific website we believe that the newly developed www. burn. in will be a perfect online p latform to communicate Burn’s products and fresh marketing initiatives such as â€Å"Wings on Fire†, â€Å"#Burn365† and â€Å"Burntender – Twist and Burn†. * It will be integrated with Burn’s social media accounts and will display information about Burn’s upcoming consumer engagement projects and initiatives. This website will be directly linked to Coke’s global and national webpage and we target close to 450 unique visits per day post its inception Targets Number of unique hits per day Number of linked websites Average time on site Bounce rate 15% 1. 5 minutes 45 450 Online Marketing Facebook Ads Mobile Marketing and Advergaming (Wings on Fire) Email marketing Launch Burn’s India website (www. burn. in) Viral Youtube advertisements and fan videos #Burn365 (year-long twitter campaign) Online Marketing Facebook Ads Mobile Marketing and Advergaming (Wings on Fire) Email marketing Launch Burn’s India website (www. u rn. in) Viral Youtube advertisements and fan videos #Burn365 (year-long twitter campaign) #Burn365 #Burn365 Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement The Plan Building up on successful social media brand building ventures adopted by KFC and Volkswagen, Coke Burn looks to adopt a similar strategy by hosting #Burn365, an open-for-all twitter competition that looks to engage young adults from across the country by offering prizes 365 days a year We see Burn365 as an opportunity to increase activity as well as follower count across social media platforms.Currently Burn is seriously lacking in terms of content as well as activity on its fan pages and the #Burn365 campaign would ensure increased user interaction with the brand as well as quality & unique content generation on the respective fan pages. This campaign will look to increase Burn’s social media presence as each day contestants can showcase their passion be it about spo rts, cars, movies, music, art or even burning social issues using the permitted 140 characters supported by a Twitpic or a Youtube video.On ground promotion during college festivals and events will see Burn representatives encouraging students to live-tweet #Burn365. Winner of the contest will win Burn merchandise. The Plan Building up on successful social media brand building ventures adopted by KFC and Volkswagen, Coke Burn looks to adopt a similar strategy by hosting #Burn365, an open-for-all twitter competition that looks to engage young adults from across the country by offering prizes 365 days a year We see Burn365 as an opportunity to increase activity as well as follower count across social media platforms.Currently Burn is seriously lacking in terms of content as well as activity on its fan pages and the #Burn365 campaign would ensure increased user interaction with the brand as well as quality & unique content generation on the respective fan pages. This campaign will look to increase Burn’s social media presence as each day contestants can showcase their passion be it about sports, cars, movies, music, art or even burning social issues using the permitted 140 characters supported by a Twitpic or a Youtube video.On ground promotion during college festivals and events will see Burn representatives encouraging students to live-tweet #Burn365. Winner of the contest will win Burn merchandise. Objectives Building brand awareness Driving traffic to respective fan pages Engage students and young adults via #Burn365 Increasing sales Objectives Building brand awareness Driving traffic to respective fan pages Engage students and young adults via #Burn365 Increasing sales RedBull has 811,638 followers which is 65 times the number of followers of the Burn twitter handle. Current ScenarioBurn Vs Red Bull RedBull has 811,638 followers which is 65 times the number of followers of the Burn twitter handle. Current Scenario Burn Vs Red Bull Stage 1 The user wil l be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 2 Depending on the user’s choice he would be asked to like & share / follow & tweet. Stage 3 The user will be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 4 The machine would dispense the free sample Stage 5 The machine would forcibly logout the user Stage 1 The user will be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 2Depending on the user’s choice he would be asked to like & share / follow & tweet. Stage 3 The user will be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 4 The machine would dispense the free sample Stage 5 The machine would forcibly logout the user Login via twitter or facebook Post a tweet using #Burn365 tagging @burn Follow @burn account for updates Like the Coke Burn Facebook page Share the page with a comment Check location settings Dispense the free 50 ml Burn shot Auto Logout Login via twitter or facebook Post a tweet using #Burn365 tagging @burn Follow @burn account for updatesLike the Coke Burn Facebook page Share the page with a comment Check location settings Dispense the free 50 ml Burn shot Auto Logout We intend to place Coke Burn vending machines at college events, concerts, BPO’s across the country. These machines would dispense Coke Burn 50ml sample shots at the cost of a tweet or a facebook like by the user. We intend to place Coke Burn vending machines at college events, concerts, BPO’s across the country. These machines would dispense Coke Burn 50ml sample shots at the cost of a tweet or a facebook like by the user. Coke Burn Vending MachinesCoke Burn Vending Machines Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Game Design Game Design After defeating the demons and completing the first round the player again has a brief interval where he sips Burn to get energized and moves on to the next level After defeating the demons and completing the first round the player again has a brief interval where he sips Burn to get energized and moves on to the next level The player begins the game by sipping a Burn to feel energized The player begins the game by sipping a Burn to feel energizedPlayer has to chase and target flying demons with a slingshot to earn points Player has to chase and target flying demons with a slingshot to earn points As the player successfully targets the flying demons their wings burn and crash on the ground thus preventing any counterattack by the demons on the player As the player successfully targets the flying demons their wings burn and crash on the ground thus preventing any counterattack by the demons on the player Rationale Rationale Non- intrusive, cost effective method of driving the message Non- intrusive, cost effective method of driving the messageAverage time spent by a gamer is 12-15 minutes Average time spent by a gamer is 12-15 minutes Consumers have deeper emotional engagement while gaming Consumers have deepe r emotional engagement while gaming Integrated Communication Message – Turbocharge Your Passion Integrated Communication Message – Turbocharge Your Passion Wings on Fire (Advergaming) Wings on Fire (Advergaming) Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement The game reinforces Burn’s key value proposition of providing energy to win The game is also a tacit attack on competitor Red Bull that claims to give you ‘wings’.Upon hitting the demons successfully the message â€Å"Bullied! † pops up. High scorers of the game get free Burn merchandise. The game reinforces Burn’s key value proposition of providing energy to win The game is also a tacit attack on competitor Red Bull that claims to give you ‘wings’. Upon hitting the demons successfully the message â€Å"Bullied! † pops up. High scorers of the game get free Burn merchandise. Engagement Platform| Organizer| Audience| Cost| Mood Indigo| IIT Bombay| 60,000| Rs. 30,00,00| Malhar| Xaviers| 30,000| Rs. 1,50,000| Crossroads| SRCC| 50,000| Rs. 2,00,000|ArcharyaHabba| ArcharyaInstitue| 30,000| Rs. 1,00,000| Standard Chartered Marathon| Procam| 96,000| Rs. 8,00,000| SunBurn| Percept| 1,00,000| Rs. 10,00,000| Eristoff Invasion| Only Much Louder| 20,000| Rs. 4,00,000| Bartending Competition| Burn| 120| Rs. 2,00,000| Burn 365| Burn| 60,000| Rs. 1,50,000| www. burn. in| Burn| 40,000| Rs. 40,000| Wings on Fire| Zapak/Zynga| 30,000| Rs. 5,00,000| Total Impact| | 5,16,120| Rs. 38,40,000 ( Rs 7. 44 per person)| Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Cost Implications Cost ImplicationsMeasurement Measurement * The Economic Times * Euromonitor * Business Standard * Marketing report by Teja Ande, Docstoc * Industry Estimates gathered from colleges and media buyers * Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality (p. 352) * The Economic Times * Euromonitor * Business Standard * Marketing report by Teja Ande, Docstoc * Industry Estimates gathered from colleges and media buyers * Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality (p. 352) References References Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement

Ethnic literature

Ethnic Literature and Postcolonialism In Barta's ; â€Å"Gad's Tangs'† Reading by using Postcolonial theory The definition of ethnic literature â€Å"is literature like any other, except that it contains ethnic references. † (Reilly p. 2). Another definition of ethnic literature is when there is a literature work that contain religious beliefs, racial issues, linguistics, or cultural heritage. In another word, ethnic literature is the literary work that includes particular culture, beliefs, or linguistics distinction. Postcolonial literary theory draws attention in the issue of cultural difference emerging in the society.One of the issues hich may often appear during the class discussion is hybridity. It seems that people who have been faced by the fact that they are living in a ‘hybrid world' tend to be confused by their real status. They realize for their interest, but they can not avoid the possibility becoming ‘in between'. Although , they are included i nto one part, the native part, but on the other hand they can not deny the deep feeling to be pleasant considering themselves different with the other. There is a kind of more value they have compared with their surround, and they think it is worthy to be kept.Of course, this feeling comes into their mind by some reasons. There must be an additional value added into their original culture. The additional value may be in the form of a new ideology, belief or view which are brought by the dominating. The dominated rarely conscious with the impact. They usually only feel that it is a natural process which become the impact of daily social interaction they are engaged in. Another issue which emerges in postcolonial discussion is about dominated-dominating one. We can not expect who actually take the role as ‘dominating' or ‘dominated'.The practice may turn over, the dominated may become the dominating in the same time oward different object, vice versa. We are also introduce d by ‘Otherness' theory. It makes someone consider that she or he are different from the other, and other people is not the same with her or him. Gad's Tangs' tells a story about a girl life, namely Teyi. She is a Javanese girl who grew up in the Javanese tradition. She lives with his parents and sibling in tangsi area. She was taught to become an obedient girl by her mother with many limitations as a girl. She helps her mother to sell fried bananas every day.Teyi finds herself limited by some rules which are considered as the right rules for her mother. She even does not know how ‘love' or how to be ‘loved' by a man. She was taught to be a polite woman. She finally finds who she is when she is introduced to Putri Parasi by Ndara Tuan Kapten SarJubehi who has helped her. That is the beginning of her new experience to recognize a new world, the world that she has never imagined before. Putri Parasi teaches her everything to be ‘a good lady. Putri Parasi likes Teyi for her politeness. She more likes Teyi after being saved when her disease comes immediately.Putri Parasi expects to teach her how to behave well. She even teaches Teyi to speak Dutch. Teyi starts to be able to read and write. Putri Parasi really wants to prepare her to be taken to Surakarta Keraton and introduced her to a man who will be married with her. She plans to make Teyi deserve to have a husband from Keraton families. In the novel Gadis Tangsi written by Suparto Brata, we can see some unexpected phenomenon occur. It makes me realize that actually there are still many things covered even by what Javanese people considered as ‘budaya adiluhung.The word ‘politeness', ‘hospitality and ‘dignity which come into people mind when they heard about Javanese culture become blur after they read this novel. Javanese woman who is considered as an obedient woman and become a mercy for whom takes her as a wife may be surprised by what Suparto tells about Teyi a nd Dumilah. He brings them in this novel as representative of Javanese woman character, in different point of view. However, the story about them, for me, is far from the stereotype of common Javanese women (may be Just a few). The feeling of ‘in between' seem to be experienced by Teyi.She starts to know about how the way the higher status people behave since she meets Putri Parasi. Teyi realizes that her life style is quite different from her, and she is glad when she knows hat Putri Parasi does not mind introducing this new culture to her. From this intentional interaction, after she is taught how to behave like ‘putri bangsawan', Teyi starts to consider she has a chance to be the same with them. Even she lives with her parents, she starts to consider that she is better than them. She has been raised from the lower part. She has more power than the people in the house.The very obvious impact of this teaching actually appears when Teyi has been left by Putri Parasi. Aft er she passed away, Teyi become independent from the influence of Putri Parasi. Although, there are still some traces of her teaching inside Teyi which reflect in the way she behaves. She seems take the dominating position over her husband, Sapardal. Sapardal feeling about his lower position when they have been married becomes the cause of the divorce. Only two days of marriage, and Teyi considers that she has a right to sue divorce, while Sapardal can only keep silent without any comment.In this relationship, Sapardal as a man who actually considered as the dominating' take the role as the dominated'. He does not feel on the same level with Teyi. He admits that he has no power compared to Teyi. He even has no courage to touch her in their first night of marriage. Here, we can see the role between man and woman has shifted. Brata seems to show us that the role of people in the society is like running on the moving wheel. The dominating and dominated are only a symbol of someone posi tion, which also can be shifted based on where we are standing.Sapardal may fail in maintaining his position as superior in front of Teyi. The cultural change also appears in this novel. Sexual intercourse is not considered as a sacral any longer for almost all the women in this novel. During my reading, I wonder if I ead Indonesian culture literary work, especially belong to Javanese one. However, Brata wrote the novel using the Indonesian condition in the past, in the colonial occupation. In this situation, it is not easy to determine which one who still hold the original value since the influence of other ideology come into the life in that simple way.The force of a new ideology input is not directly felt in this novel. The indigenous people enjoy the acculturation between the dominated and the dominating. It also happens in the shifting of the way they see sexual intercourse actually is. What we call as a taboo becomes commonly conducted by the people. Teyi is defined as a free woman, even she has been married and becomes a wife of Sapardal, and she breaks the rule by having intercourse with Ndara Tuan Kapten SarJubehi. It seems that she wants to take a revenge to Dumilah who is considered nad cheated ner by having romantic attair witn ner master.Sapardal can not do anything. He has failed to become a good husband. This thinking is from his own side. When we look at this phenomenon, again, Teyi proves that she has had a power over a man from her own society. She starts to have a right to consider a man like Sapardal is not at the same level with her. However, in my opinion it will not happen if Sapardal never has the way of thinking. Actually, he has thought that she is great and different from the other woman in his environment before they are married. That makes he has no courage to touch her at their first night.It also makes Teyi feels not being regarding or respecting as a wife. She thinks that Sapardal has no desire toward her, and she thinks that it is better to ask divorce. What a short way of thinking! I found that Teyi has put a wrong way of thinking about what Putri Parasi had taught to her. It seems that she does not consider marriage as a sacral relationship any longer. ‘Love' relationship has been considered as a ‘real' relationship when we have passion to have sex with our couple. Is that so simple? That is the way Teyi think about love basically.It is shown also when she does not mind to have sex with her ex-master, Ndara Tuan Kapten SarJubehi, and then she starts to love someone else, Ndara Mas Kus. There is no any guilty feeling. Finally, we can conclude that there are three aspect of postcolonial reading for Gadis Tangsi has been discussed above. First, hybridity appears when Teyi finds herself has involved nd being a part of Putri Parasi's society, Keraton environment since she has been able to behave and speak like her, so she considers that she is a part of Putri community.While she has that feeling, she still can not avoid other people consideration about her who is only becoming a servant and will not become like them. Second, dominating feeling toward Sapardal comes into her mind. There is dominating-dominated in shifting model between them. It seems a denial for a man who usually considered as the dominating one, while Teyi proves that it can be shifted. Last, ‘Otherness' theory also emerges in this novel. After having taught to ave attitude and behave like Putri Parasi model, Teyi finally considers herself different with other woman in her society.